Genome-Wide Analysis of WRKY Genes and Their Response to Hormone and Mechanic Stresses in Carrot

The WRKY gene family plays a vital role in plant development and environment response. Although previous studies suggested that the WRKY genes in carrot (Kuroda type) involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses, the information of WRKY genes in the latest version of the carrot genome (Daucus carota v2.0, Nantes type carrot) and their response to hormone and injury stresses have not been reported. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of WRKYs using a chromosome-scale genome assembly of carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus L.). We identified a total of 67 WRKY genes, which were further classified into the three groups. These WRKY genes are unevenly distributed on carrot chromosomes. We found that more than half of them were derived from whole-genome duplication (WGD) events, suggesting that WGDs have played a major role during the evolution of the WRKY gene family. We experimentally ascertained the expression divergence existed between WGD-derived WRKY duplicated gene pairs, which is indicative of functional differentiation between duplicated genes. Our analysis of cis-acting elements indicated that WRKY genes were transcriptionally regulated upon hormone and mechanic injury stresses. Gene expression analyses by qRT-PCR further presented that WRKY genes were involved in hormone and mechanic injury stresses

Chemical Fractionation Of Cu And Zn And Their Impacts On Microbial Properties In Slightly Contaminated Soils

Chemical fractionation of Cu and Zn in bulk soil and its effects on soil microbial properties were determined in Cu and Zn contaminated soils (Cu: 35.57~46.37 mg·kg-1, Zn: 74.33~127.20 mg·kg-1) sampled from an agricultural field in outskirts of Zibo, China during the month of September, 2011. A sequential extraction technique (SET) was used for metals chemical fractionation analysis in soils and a correlation analysis was applied to determinate the effects of metal on soil microbial properties. Chemical speciation showed that Cu and Zn were mostly present in the residual fraction and their concentrations in the most labile fraction (acid soluble fraction) were the lowest in the investigated soils. However, the correlation analysis indicated that the labile forms of Cu/Zn, such as its acid soluble, reducible or oxidizable fractions, were usually significantly negatively correlated with the tested microbial activities at 0.05 or 0.01 probability levels. These results indicate that the metal labile fractions could exert an inhibitory effect on the soil microbial parameters even in the minor contaminated soils. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 3 (1): 20-25, June, 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v3i1.1604

Matrix Tensor Product Approach to the Equivalence of Multipartite States under Local Unitary Transformations

The equivalence of multipartite quantum mixed states under local unitary transformations is studied. A criterion for the equivalence of non-degenerate mixed multipartite quantum states under local unitary transformations is presented.Comment: 7 page