Analysis of influence factors of free cataract surgery in suburban district of one city in middle China

AIM:To investigate the reasons of the barriers to free cataract surgery in suburban area of one city in middle China. <p>METHODS: From 2008 to 2009, in Sight Rehabilitation Programme of Cataract in suburban district of one city in middle China, all visually significant cataract patients screened were questioned about why he/she did not accept free cataract surgery. The answers were recorded and analyzed. <p>RESULTS: Of 892 screened patients, only 387 patients(43.39%)wanted a free cataract surgery at first. At last 490 patients(54.93%)accepted free surgery. The main reasons for patients who did not accept free surgery include: be afraid of surgery and wanting other treatments(193, 21.64%), thinking the eyesight was enough for daily life(148, 16.59%), worrying about that the result would not be good as those paid for surgery(147, 16.48%), and other reasons(17, 1.91%).<p>CONCLUSION: The reasons of the barriers to free cataract surgery include patients' ignorance, surgery outcome of patients around, and working mode of designated surgical hospital

(Piperazin-1-ium-κN 4)tris­(thio­cyanato-κN)zinc(II)

Hydro­thermal reaction of NaSCN, piperazine, ZnII and 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid in aqueous solutions gave rise to the title complex, [Zn(NCS)3(C4H11N2)]. The ZnII atom is four-coordinate with distorted tetra­hedral geometry and lies in a mirror plane. N—H⋯S hydrogen bonds assemble the mol­ecules to form a three-dimensional framework

Energy dependent chemical potentials of light hadrons and quarks based on transverse momentum spectra and yield ratios of negative to positive particles

We describe the transverse momentum (or mass) spectra of $\pi^\pm$, $K^\pm$, $p$, and $\bar{p}$ produced in central gold-gold (Au-Au), central lead-lead (Pb-Pb), and inelastic proton-proton ($pp$) collisions at different collision energies range from the AGS to LHC by using a two-component (in most cases) Erlang distribution in the framework of multi-source thermal model. The fitting results are consistent with the experimental data and the energy-dependent chemical potentials of light hadrons ($\pi$, $K$, and $p$) and quarks ($u$, $d$, and $s$) in central Au-Au, central Pb-Pb, and inelastic $pp$ collisions from the yield ratios of negative to positive particles obtained from the normalization constants are then extracted. The study shows that most types of energy-dependent chemical potentials decrease with increase of collision energy over a range from the AGS to LHC. The curves of all types of energy-dependent chemical potentials, obtained from the linear fits of yield ratios vs energy, have inflection points at the same energy of 3.526 GeV, which is regarded as the critical energy of phase transition from a hadron liquid-like state to a quark gas-like state in the collision system and indicates that the hadronic interactions play an important role in this period. At the RHIC and LHC, all types of chemical potentials become small and tend to zero at very high energy, which confirms that the collision system possibly changes completely from the hadron-dominant liquid-like state to the quark-dominant gas-like state and the partonic interactions possibly play a dominant role at the LHC

Immune responses of Helicoverpa armigera to different kinds of pathogens

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Insects react against pathogens through innate immunity. The cotton bollworm <it>Helicoverpa armigera </it>(<it>H. armigera</it>) is an important defoliator and an extremely destructive pest insect of many crops. The elucidation of the mechanism of the immune response of <it>H. armigera </it>to various pathogens can provide a theoretical basis for new approaches to biologically control this pest.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Four kinds of pathogens <it>Bacillus thuringiensis</it>, <it>Klebsiella pneumoniae</it>, <it>Candida albicans</it>, and <it>Autographa californica </it>multiple nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus harbored green fluorescence protein and polyhedron (<it>Ac</it>MNPV-GFP) were used to challenge the insect. The cellular and humoral immune responses to the pathogens were analyzed in the challenged <it>H. armigera</it>. The results show that in the five kinds of haemocytes, only granulocytes phagocytized the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. All haemocytes can be infected by <it>Ac</it>MNPV. Fourteen immune-related genes including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as peptidoglycan recognition proteins (<it>HaPGRP </it>and <it>HaPGRP C</it>) and Gram-Negative Bacteria-Binding Protein (<it>HaGNBP</it>), and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as <it>cecropin-1, 2 </it>and <it>3 </it>(<it>HaCec-1, 2 </it>and <it>3</it>), <it>lysozyme </it>(<it>HaLys</it>), attacin (<it>HaAtt</it>), <it>gallerimycin-like </it>(<it>HaGall</it>), <it>gloverin-like </it>(<it>HaGlo</it>), <it>moricin-like </it>(<it>HaMor</it>), cobatoxin-like (<it>HaCob</it>), <it>galiomicin-like </it>(<it>HaGali</it>), and <it>immune inducible protein </it>(<it>HaIip</it>) appeared in different expression profiles to different pathogen infections. The transcripts of 13 immune related genes (except <it>HaPGRPC</it>) are obviously up-regulated by Gram-positive bacteria. <it>HaCec-1 and 3, HaMor, HaAtt, HaLys</it>, <it>HaIip</it>, <it>HaPGRP </it>and <it>HaGNBP </it>are greatly up-regulated after fungal infection. <it>HaGNBP, HaCec-2, HaGall, HaGlo, HaMor, HaCob, HaGali </it>obviously increased in Gram-negative bacterial infection. Only five genes, <it>HaGNBP, HaCec-1</it>, <it>HaGali</it>, <it>HaGlo</it>, and <it>HaLys</it>, are weakly up-regulated after viral infection. The AMP transcripts had higher expression levels than the PRR transcripts after the microbial challenge.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>These data suggest that the granulocytes are the major phagocytes in <it>H. armigera</it>. All haemocytes can be infected by <it>Ac</it>MNPV. The transcripts of 14 immune related genes have different expression patterns in <it>H. armigera </it>infected by different pathogens, which means that the immune-related genes may have different functions against various kinds of pathogens.</p

Accumulation Pattern of Flavonoids in Cabernet Sauvignon Grapes Grown in a Low-Latitude and High-Altitude Region

Particular climate conditions in a low-latitude and high-altitude region endow grape berries with distinctivequality characteristics. So far, few reports have been concerned with the formation of berry flavour in such aregion. This study aimed to investigate the accumulation pattern of flavonoids in Vitis vinifera L. cv. CabernetSauvignon grape berries growing at different altitudes of the highland in southwest China in two consecutivevintages. In addition to the 3-O-monoglucosides and 3-O-acyl monoglucosides of the five main anthocyanidins(delphinidin, cyanidin, peonidin, petunidin and malvidin), some uncommon anthocyanins, such as threediglucosides of anthocyanidins and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside, were detected in the grape berries. Higheraltitude cultivation greatly promoted the production of anthocyanins and flavonols, particularly cyanidintypeanthocyanins and quercetin-type flavonols from the F3’H branch of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway.Flavan-3-ols from both branches were comparatively less influenced by vineyard altitude. Vintage in thishigh-altitude region also had a dramatic influence on the accumulation of flavonoids. Most of the anthocyaninand flavonol components were affected more by vineyard altitude than by vintage, whereas the accumulationof flavan-3-ols differed mainly between vintages. The present data will not only improve the understandingof flavonoid accumulation in grapes from a high-altitude region with different climates, but also providepractical guidance for the production of high-quality grapes and wine