Forest plot of hypoglycaemic agents and the risk of lung cancer in patients with diabetes.

<p>a: metformin; b:thiazolidinediones (TZDs); c:sulfonylureas; d:insulin. The squares and horizontal lines correspond to the study-specific OR and 95% CI. The area of the squares reflects the weight (inverse of the variance). The diamond represents the summary OR and 95% CI.</p

Characteristics of included studies assessing glucose-lowering drugs and lung cancer risk in patients with diabetes.

<p><b>Abbreviations:</b> RCT: randomised controlled trials; ICD: International Classification of Diseases; NA: available; ADOPT: A Diabetes Outcome Progression Trial; RECORD: Rosiglitazone Evaluated for Cardiovascular Outcomes and Regulation of Glycaemia in Diabetes.</p

A subgroup analysis of metformin use and lung cancer risk in patients with diabetes.

<p><b>Abbreviations:</b> CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; RCTs, randomised controlled trials.</p

Adjustment variables of included observational studies.

<p><b>Abbreviations:</b> HR: hazard ratio; OR: odds ratio; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NSAID: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs; BMI: body mass index; HbA1C: glycosylated hemoglobin.</p

A subgroup analysis of insulin use and lung cancer risk in patients with diabetes.

<p><b>Abbreviations:</b> CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; RCTs, randomised controlled trials.</p

A subgroup analysis of thiazolidinediones use and lung cancer risk in patients with diabetes.

<p><b>Abbreviations:</b> CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio; RCTs, randomised controlled trials.</p

Chukrasones A and B: Potential Kv1.2 Potassium Channel Blockers with New Skeletons from <i>Chukrasia tabularis</i>

Two new limonoids, chukrasone A (<b>1</b>) incorporating a highly rearranged A/B ring system and chukrasone B (<b>2</b>) possessing the first 16,19-dinor limonoid backbone with an extended C3 unit at C-15, were isolated from <i>Chukrasia tabularis</i>. Their structures were characterized on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis. Compounds <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> exhibited potential inhibition of the delayed rectifier (<i>I</i>_K) K⁺ current

Laevinoids A and B: Two Diterpenoids with an Unprecedented Backbone from <i>Croton laevigatus</i>

Chemical fractionation of the ethanolic extract of a Chinese herbal plant, <i>Croton laevigatus</i>, yielded laevinoids A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>2</b>) with a new rearranged <i>ent</i>-clerodane scaffold named as laevinane. The structures of <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> were assigned on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analyses with their absolute configurations being established via single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies

Constituents of <i>Trigonostemon heterophyllus</i>

Six new diterpenoids, <b>1</b>–<b>6</b>, a new prenylated sesquiterpenoid, <b>7</b>, and six known compounds were isolated from <i>Trigonostemon heterophyllus</i>. The structures of <b>1</b>–<b>7</b> were elucidated on the basis of NMR and MS analysis. The daphnane diterpenoids trigoheterins A (<b>1</b>) and B (<b>2</b>) possess a rare 4,6-oxetane moiety within this compound class, and trigoheteric acid methyl ester (<b>6</b>) is the first example of a 15,16-dinor-3,4-<i>seco</i>-cleistanthane. Trigoheterin E (<b>5</b>) exhibited cytotoxic activity against the HL-60 (IC₅₀ 1.8 μM) and A-549 (IC₅₀ 10.0 μM) human cancer cell lines

Cytotoxic Diterpenoids from <i>Sapium insigne</i>

Chemical investigation into the twigs and leaves of <i>Sapium insigne</i> afforded seven new diterpenoids, sapinsignoids A–G (<b>1</b>–<b>7</b>), together with 10 known diterpenoids. The structures of <b>1</b>–<b>7</b> were assigned on the basis of detailed spectroscopic analysis and chemical degradation. Compounds <b>1</b>–<b>4</b> exhibited significant cytotoxicity against the A-549 tumor cell line (IC₅₀ 0.2–1.8 μM), while compounds <b>1</b>–<b>3</b> showed moderate cytotoxicity against the HL-60 cell line (IC₅₀ 2.7–6.5 μM)