Glucagon Secreting Cells Responds to Insulin Secretion In vitro Using Immunocytochemistry

In the present study, pancreas of rats were dissected and transferred to HEPES buffer (25 mM, pH 7.4). The control tissue pieces were kept in culture medium for one hour and the treated tissues were kept in same medium for 30 minutes and incubated with Insulin (10 nm and 100 nm) for another half hour, then tissues were transferred to Bouin‘s fixative (overnight at 40 ° Cc), cryosectioned (15 µm at -16 0 c) and subjected to immunocytochemical labeling with antibodies against Glucagon

Educational validity of business gaming simulation: a research methodology framework

Many past educational validity studies of business gaming simulation, and more specifically total enterprise simulation, have been inconclusive. Studies have focused on the weaknesses of business gaming simulation; which is often regarded as an educational medium that has limitations regarding learning effectiveness. However, no attempts have been made to provide guidelines for assessing educational validity in terms of building, implementing, and validating business gaming simulation. Accordingly, this study has combined literature on learning, simulation design, and research methods to formulate a methodology to assess the educational validity of total enterprise simulation;the concepts of which can be applied more broadly to business gaming simulation. The authors propose that the framework introduced within this article can provide a foundation for future educational validity studies that can assist simulation designers to implement valuable and powerful simulation learning media in the future

Functional MRI of neural plasticity and drug effect in the brain

Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have opened up new perspectives for understanding brain function and its plasticity after damage or even in the process of learning and memory. Using functional MRI (fMRI), reorganization of the cortical representation can be detected after the peripheral nerves deafferentation or digit amputation. To detect the more trivial changes during learning and memory, we established two techniques. One is to use manganese as a contrast agent to detect minute reorganization of hippocampal mossy fiber after training with hidden platform in Morris water maze. The other technique detects the synchrony in fMRI signal among neural areas that represents functional connectivity. We demonstrated the spatial memory network can be visualized in water maze trained animal. Furthermore, we showed that synchrony rather than activity in the brain can be modulated by receptor targeted pharmaceuticals, which indicate a different drug mechanism. The translation of these methods will facilitate our understanding of brain plasticity, early diagnosis of dementia, and evaluation of drug efficacy