Tracking movements of Athene owls: the application of North American experiences to Europe

Seguimiento de los desplazamiento de los mochuelos del género Athene: aplicación de las experiencias norteamericanas a Europa Migración y dispersión son procesos importantes desde el punto de vista de la ecología y la evolución, y entenderlos es un requisito importante para los programas de conservación de las especies. El mochuelo de madriguera, Athene cunicularia, el equivalente norteamericano del mochuelo europeo, A. noctua, es migratorio en las zonas septentrionales de su área de acción. En Canadá sus poblaciones han disminuido de forma notoria, y se han clasificado como amenazadas. Se han estudiado los desplazamientos del mochuelo de madriguera utilizando el anillado, la telemetría VHF, los isótopos estables, la genética (ADN), los geolocalizadores y los transmisores por satélite. Los geolocalizadores y los transmisores por satélite proporcionan la información más fiable sobre las migraciones, pero para su buen funcionamiento dependen de la exposición a la luz solar, que es limitada en el caso de las rapaces nocturnas. Los hallazgos de animales anillados, y los flujos migratorios invernales del mochuelo común hacia España, incluyendo las Islas Baleares, indican que pueden estarse dando desplazamientos migratorios. Un estudio mediante isótopos estables podría determinar si entre los mochuelos que invernan en el sur de Europa, se incluyen mochuelos del norte de Europa. Palabras clave: Athene, Desplazamientos, Migración, Dispersión, Técnicas.Migration and dispersal are important ecological and evolutionary processes and understanding them is a requirement for species conservation efforts. Burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia, the North American equivalent of little owl, A. noctua, is migratory in the northern parts of its range. In Canada their populations have declined dramatically and are classified as endangered. Movements of burrowing owls have been studied using banding (ringing), VHF telemetry, stable isotopes, genetics (DNA), geolocators and satellite transmitters. Geolocators and satellite transmitters provide the most reliable information about migrations but to operate successfully they are both dependent upon exposure to sunlight, which can be limited for nocturnal owls. Ringing encounters and winter influxes of little owls into Spain, including the Balearic Islands, indicate that some migration movement may be occurring. A stable isotope study could determine if wintering owls in southern Europe includes owls originating in northern Europe. Key words: Athene, Movements, Migration, Dispersal, Techniques.Seguimiento de los desplazamiento de los mochuelos del género Athene: aplicación de las experiencias norteamericanas a Europa Migración y dispersión son procesos importantes desde el punto de vista de la ecología y la evolución, y entenderlos es un requisito importante para los programas de conservación de las especies. El mochuelo de madriguera, Athene cunicularia, el equivalente norteamericano del mochuelo europeo, A. noctua, es migratorio en las zonas septentrionales de su área de acción. En Canadá sus poblaciones han disminuido de forma notoria, y se han clasificado como amenazadas. Se han estudiado los desplazamientos del mochuelo de madriguera utilizando el anillado, la telemetría VHF, los isótopos estables, la genética (ADN), los geolocalizadores y los transmisores por satélite. Los geolocalizadores y los transmisores por satélite proporcionan la información más fiable sobre las migraciones, pero para su buen funcionamiento dependen de la exposición a la luz solar, que es limitada en el caso de las rapaces nocturnas. Los hallazgos de animales anillados, y los flujos migratorios invernales del mochuelo común hacia España, incluyendo las Islas Baleares, indican que pueden estarse dando desplazamientos migratorios. Un estudio mediante isótopos estables podría determinar si entre los mochuelos que invernan en el sur de Europa, se incluyen mochuelos del norte de Europa. Palabras clave: Athene, Desplazamientos, Migración, Dispersión, Técnicas

Home range and habitat use of little owl (athene noctua) in an agricultural landscape in coastal catalonia, Spain

In recent decades agricultural landscapes in Catalonia have undergone a profound transformation as in most of Europe. Reforestation and urban development have reduced farmland and therefore the availability of suitable habitat for some bird species such as the little owl (Athene noctua). The outskirts of the city of Mataró by the Mediterranean Sea exemplify this landscape change, but still support a population of little owl where agriculture is carried out. Three resident little owls were monitored with telemetry weekly from November 2007 until the beginning of August 2008 in this suburban agricultural landscape. Mean home range ± SD was 10.9 ± 5.5 ha for minimum convex polygon (MCP100) and 7.4 ± 3.8 ha for Kernel 95% probability function (K95). Home ranges of contiguous neighboring pairs overlapped 18.4% (MCP100) or 6% (K95). Home range varied among seasons reaching a maximum between March and early August but always included the nesting site. Small forested patches were associated with roosting and nesting areas where cavities in carob trees (Ceratonia siliqua) were important. When foraging in crop fields, the owls typically fed where crops had recently been harvested and replanted. All three owls bred successfully

Bootstrap Percolation on Complex Networks

We consider bootstrap percolation on uncorrelated complex networks. We obtain the phase diagram for this process with respect to two parameters: $f$, the fraction of vertices initially activated, and $p$, the fraction of undamaged vertices in the graph. We observe two transitions: the giant active component appears continuously at a first threshold. There may also be a second, discontinuous, hybrid transition at a higher threshold. Avalanches of activations increase in size as this second critical point is approached, finally diverging at this threshold. We describe the existence of a special critical point at which this second transition first appears. In networks with degree distributions whose second moment diverges (but whose first moment does not), we find a qualitatively different behavior. In this case the giant active component appears for any $f>0$ and $p>0$, and the discontinuous transition is absent. This means that the giant active component is robust to damage, and also is very easily activated. We also formulate a generalized bootstrap process in which each vertex can have an arbitrary threshold.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figure

Mortality, wastage, and lifetime productivity of Bos indicus cows under extensive grazing in northern Australia. 1. Seasonal mating in the speargrass region

Mortality and wastage rates and lifetime productivity for seasonally mated, Bos indicus cows were studied over 8000 cow year records from 1972 to 1992 at Swan's Lagoon in the subcoastal speargrass region of North Queensland. The proportional hazards model was used to estimate age-specific mortality and wastage rates, adjusted for cohort and genotype effects. The 1970-72 cohorts had an average mortality of 1.7% (range 0-4.2%), with this low overall rate tending to increase with age. The average mortality rate for the 1973-87 cohorts was 1.2% (range 0.5-2.6%), with no pattern with age. For 1970-72 cohorts, the average wastage rate was 8.9% and ranged from 2.1 to 18.3% with no clear age pattern. However, there was a clear age pattern for the 1973-87 cohorts, with an average wastage rate of 9.2% comprising very high rates (27.5%) for 2-year-olds and low rates (2.8-8.9%) for 3-7-year-olds, increasing to 11.9% for 8-year-olds and 14.2% for 9-year-olds. The heifer replacement rates to maintain a stable herd size were 17.5 and 19.2% for the 2 herds. Lifetime productivity was very low, with 1970-72 cohorts rearing 3.3 calves over 4.7 years at a rate of 57.5% calves per year, and 1973-87 cohorts rearing 3.1 calves over 4.9 years at a rate of 45.0% calves per year. Total weaner weights reared up to 10 years of age were 578 kg for 1970-72 cohorts and 315 kg for 1973-87 cohorts. However, variability between individual cows was high, indicating scope for selection based on productivity, provided that better performing cows can be identified from predictors early in life

Home range and habitat use of little owl (Athene noctua) in an agricultural landscape in coastal Catalonia, Spain

Área de campeo y uso del hábitat del mochuelo europeo (Athene noctua) en un paisaje agrícola de la costa de Cataluña, España El paisaje agrícola en Cataluña ha sufrido una profunda transformación en las últimas décadas, tal y como ha ocurrido en gran parte de Europa. La reforestación y especialmente el desarrollo urbanístico han reducido las tierras agrícolas y con ello se ha perdido hábitat adecuado para especies como el mochuelo europeo (Athene noctua). Los alrededores de la ciudad de Mataró, a orillas del Mar Mediterráneo, son un buen ejemplo de este cambio, pero todavía acogen una población de mochuelos allí donde se da actividad agrícola. Entre noviembre de 2007 y principios de agosto de 2008 se siguieron semanalmente con telemetría tres mochuelos residentes en este entorno agrícola periurbano. La media del área de campeo ± DE estimada con el polígono convexo mínimo (MCP100) fue de 10,9 ± 5,5 ha, y de 7,4 ± 3,8 ha, con el estimador de Kernel 95% (K95). Las áreas de campeo de las parejas vecinas se solapaban un 18,4% (MCP100) o un 6% (K95). Las áreas de campeo entre temporadas variaron a lo largo del seguimiento y llegaron a un máximo entre marzo y principios de agosto, aunque éstas siempre albergaron la zona del nido. Las pequeñas manchas arboladas se asociaron a áreas de reposo y nidificación, donde las cavidades naturales de los algarrobos (Ceratonia siliqua) eran importantes. Cuando los mochuelos se detectaron en los campos, fue en cultivos recién cosechados o replantados. Los tres mochuelos criaron con éxito. Palabras clave: Mochuelo europeo, Athene noctua, Telemetría, Conservación, Área vital, Área de campeo, Uso del hábitat, Paisaje agrícola.In recent decades agricultural landscapes in Catalonia have undergone a profound transformation as in most of Europe. Reforestation and urban development have reduced farmland and therefore the availability of suitable habitat for some bird species such as the little owl (Athene noctua). The outskirts of the city of Mataró by the Mediterranean Sea exemplify this landscape change, but still support a population of little owl where agriculture is carried out. Three resident little owls were monitored with telemetry weekly from November 2007 until the beginning of August 2008 in this suburban agricultural landscape. Mean home range ± SD was 10.9 ± 5.5 ha for minimum convex polygon (MCP100) and 7.4 ± 3.8 ha for Kernel 95% probability function (K95). Home ranges of contiguous neighboring pairs overlapped 18.4% (MCP100) or 6% (K95). Home range varied among seasons reaching a maximum between March and early August but always included the nesting site. Small forested patches were associated with roosting and nesting areas where cavities in carob trees (Ceratonia siliqua) were important. When foraging in crop fields, the owls typically fed where crops had recently been harvested and replanted. All three owls bred successfully. Key words: Little owl, Athene noctua, Telemetry, Conservation, Home range, Habitat use, Agricultural landscapeÁrea de campeo y uso del hábitat del mochuelo europeo (Athene noctua) en un paisaje agrícola de la costa de Cataluña, España El paisaje agrícola en Cataluña ha sufrido una profunda transformación en las últimas décadas, tal y como ha ocurrido en gran parte de Europa. La reforestación y especialmente el desarrollo urbanístico han reducido las tierras agrícolas y con ello se ha perdido hábitat adecuado para especies como el mochuelo europeo (Athene noctua). Los alrededores de la ciudad de Mataró, a orillas del Mar Mediterráneo, son un buen ejemplo de este cambio, pero todavía acogen una población de mochuelos allí donde se da actividad agrícola. Entre noviembre de 2007 y principios de agosto de 2008 se siguieron semanalmente con telemetría tres mochuelos residentes en este entorno agrícola periurbano. La media del área de campeo ± DE estimada con el polígono convexo mínimo (MCP100) fue de 10,9 ± 5,5 ha, y de 7,4 ± 3,8 ha, con el estimador de Kernel 95% (K95). Las áreas de campeo de las parejas vecinas se solapaban un 18,4% (MCP100) o un 6% (K95). Las áreas de campeo entre temporadas variaron a lo largo del seguimiento y llegaron a un máximo entre marzo y principios de agosto, aunque éstas siempre albergaron la zona del nido. Las pequeñas manchas arboladas se asociaron a áreas de reposo y nidificación, donde las cavidades naturales de los algarrobos (Ceratonia siliqua) eran importantes. Cuando los mochuelos se detectaron en los campos, fue en cultivos recién cosechados o replantados. Los tres mochuelos criaron con éxito. Palabras clave: Mochuelo europeo, Athene noctua, Telemetría, Conservación, Área vital, Área de campeo, Uso del hábitat, Paisaje agrícola

Generation of a poor prognostic chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like disease model: PKC subversion induces up-regulation of PKC II expression in B lymphocytes

Overwhelming evidence identifies the microenvironment as a critical factor in the development and progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, underlining the importance of developing suitable translational models to study the pathogenesis of the disease. We previously established that stable expression of kinase dead protein kinase C alpha in hematopoietic progenitor cells resulted in the development of a chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like disease in mice. Here we demonstrate that this chronic lymphocytic leukemia model resembles the more aggressive subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, expressing predominantly unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain genes, with upregulated tyrosine kinase ZAP-70 expression and elevated ERK-MAPK-mTor signaling, resulting in enhanced proliferation and increased tumor load in lymphoid organs. Reduced function of PKCα leads to an up-regulation of PKCβII expression, which is also associated with a poor prognostic subset of human chronic lymphocytic leukemia samples. Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like cells with the selective PKCβ inhibitor enzastaurin caused cell cycle arrest and apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo, and a reduction in the leukemic burden in vivo. These results demonstrate the importance of PKCβII in chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like disease progression and suggest a role for PKCα subversion in creating permissive conditions for leukemogenesis

The performance of Brahman-Shorthorn and Sahiwal-Shorthorn beef cattle in the dry tropics of northern Queensland. 1. Reproductive rates and liveweights of F1 and backcross females

A breeding program was established at Swan's Lagoon Beef Cattle Research Station in the dry tropics of northern Queensland to evaluate the productivity of cattle which were genotypically at least one-half Bos indicus. Brahman or Sahiwal bulls were initially mated to B. taurus cows (predominantly Shorthorn) to produce the first filial generation (F1 1/2 Brahman and F1 1/2 Sahiwal). First backcross 314 Brahman and first backcross 314 Sahiwal were derived from crossing F1 1/2 Brahman or F1 1/2 Sahiwal cows to their respective sire breeds. This paper reports on the female reproductive rates and liveweight performance in 2 data sets: 1972-79, F1 1/2 Brahman v. F1 1/2 Sahiwal; 1975-83, first backcross 3/4 Brahman v. first backcross 3/4 Sahiwal. In both data sets, significant differences in fertility (pregnancy rate and calving date) between F1 or first backcross groups were infrequent, and where differences did occur, they were often inconsistent due to cross x year interactions. The difference between weaning rates and pregnancy rates (representing foetal and calf wastage) was 5 percentage units higher in Sahiwal crosses than Brahman crosses for lactating cows Year effects significantly (P<0.05) influencd both fertility and liveweight, demonstrating the extent of seasonal influences on cattle production in the dry tropics. Generally Brahman-cross cows were heavier throughout than their Sahiwal counterparts. Among lactating cows, F1 1/2 Brahman were 21 kg heavier at start of mating than F1 1/2 Sahiwal, while first backcross 3/4 Brahman were 29 kg heavier than first backcross 3/4 Sahiwal

Heterogeneous-k-core versus Bootstrap Percolation on Complex Networks

We introduce the heterogeneous-$k$-core, which generalizes the $k$-core, and contrast it with bootstrap percolation. Vertices have a threshold $k_i$ which may be different at each vertex. If a vertex has less than $k_i$ neighbors it is pruned from the network. The heterogeneous-$k$-core is the sub-graph remaining after no further vertices can be pruned. If the thresholds $k_i$ are $1$ with probability $f$ or $k \geq 3$ with probability $(1-f)$, the process forms one branch of an activation-pruning process which demonstrates hysteresis. The other branch is formed by ordinary bootstrap percolation. We show that there are two types of transitions in this heterogeneous-$k$-core process: the giant heterogeneous-$k$-core may appear with a continuous transition and there may be a second, discontinuous, hybrid transition. We compare critical phenomena, critical clusters and avalanches at the heterogeneous-$k$-core and bootstrap percolation transitions. We also show that network structure has a crucial effect on these processes, with the giant heterogeneous-$k$-core appearing immediately at a finite value for any $f > 0$ when the degree distribution tends to a power law $P(q) \sim q^{-\gamma}$ with $\gamma < 3$.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figure

The performance of Brahman-Shorthorn and Sahiwal-Shorthorn beef cattle in the dry tropics of northern Queensland. 2. Reproductive rates and liveweights of F2et seq. females

The female reproductive rates and liveweight performance of F2 et seq. generations of 112 Brahman (112 B), 112 Sahiwal (112 Sah), 314 Brahman (314 B) and 314 Sahiwal (314 Sah) were evaluated in the dry tropics of northern Queensland from 1978 to 1986. The balance of the breed composition was predominantly Shorthorn. A preliminary comparative analysis of F2 and Fg data showed no differences between the filial generations and data were subsequently pooled. Crossbreed differences between groups had a small on pregnancy rate and were not a major determinant of fertility compared with age and year effects. Any crossbreed differences were counteracted by inconsistent cross x year effects. For mature cows, 314 Sah had significantly (P<0.05) lower weaning rates than other crosses. The percentage unit difference between pregnancy rate and weaning rate was higher in Sahiwal cross than Brahman cross cows (19 v. 9%). In lactating cows, calving dates were an average 10 days later in 314 than 112 Bos indicus cows. Generally Brahman crosses were heavier than Sahiwal crosses. In the dry season, Brahman crosses were 16, 30, 36 and 43 kg heavier than Sahiwal crosses for 2-year-old heifers and 3-, 4- and 5-9-year-old cows, respectively. There was little difference between 112 and 314 B. indicus, except in mature cows, where 112 Sah were 27 kg heavier (P<0.05) than 314 Sah at start of mating. There were pronounced year effects on all of the reproductive and growth parameters of both heifers and lactating cows. Pregnancy rate and mating liveweight were negatively correlated with date of seasonal break of the dry season (r = -0.71 to -0.88, r = -0.84 to -0.98, respectively). Cross x year interactions for pregnancy rate, calving date and mating liveweight were attributed to factors other than the type of year