Induction of SCEs and DNA fragmentation in bovine peripheral lymphocytes by in vitro exposure to tolylfluanid-based fungicide

The potential for genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of tolylfluanid-based fungicide (50% active agent) was evaluated using sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and proliferation indices (PI) in cultured bovine peripheral lymphocytes. For the detection of possible genetic damage, DNA fragmentation assay was also applied. Bovine lymphocytes cultured for 72 h were treated with the fungicide at the final concentrations of 1.75, 3.5, 8.75, and 17.5 μg/mL for the last 24 and 48 h of culture without S9 metabolic activation, and during the last 2 h of culture with S9 metabolic activation. In the SCE assays no evidence for genotoxic activity of the fungicide was found in treatments of 24 h without and 2 h with S9. After the 24 h exposure to tolylfluanid, a weak decrease in the PI was observed. With the prolonged exposure time (48 h), dose dependence in the increase of SCE frequencies was observed. Moreover, after 48 h exposure slight fragmentation of DNA at the concentrations of 3.5 and 8.75 μg/mL was demonstrated. SCE quantification is the most widely used approach for the assessment of genotoxic/cytogenetic effects of chemical compounds. Positive results in the assay at 48 h exposure indicated a potential of the fungicide to increase frequency of chromosomal damage (replication injuries) that is the confirmation of early effect of exposure

The another toxic effect if carbamate insecticides

The activities of the antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and the content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were determined in the liver and kidney of rabbits after exposure to bendiocarb. In the liver, the activities of SOD, CAT and GR were not affected by bendiocarb. The induction or inhibition of isoenzymes of SOD (mainly MnSOD) were observed in the experimental groups. The activities of GSHPx-cum and GSHPx-H 2 O 2 significantly decreased on the days 3 and 10 of the experiment. The activity of GST significantly increased on the day 9 of the experi- ment. In the kidney, the activity of SOD was significantly increased and the new MnSOD isoenzymes were detected. The activities of CAT and GSHPx-H 2 O 2 were significantly decreased in the experimental groups. The activity of GR significantly increased on days 3 and 10, and the activity of GST was signif- icantly increased on days 3, 10, and 30. Exposure of rabbit to bendiocarb did not affect the content of TBARS in the kidney. In the liver, the content of TBARS was significantly increased in the experimen- tal groups as compared to the control. Our results showed that the response of organs to bendiocarb is different and may depend on the specific organ damage and their protective abilities. The alterations in the activities of the antioxidant defence system, increased TBARS values, and changes in the SOD isoen- zyme pattern showed that the toxic effect of bendiocarb is not only in the acetylcholine esterase inhibi- tion, but also in ROS production