A Score Test for Individual Heteroscedasticity in a One-way Error Components Model

The purpose of this paper is to derive a Rao's efficient score statistic for testing for heteroscedasticity in an error components model with only individual effects. We assume that the individual effect exists and therefore do not test for it. In addition, we assume that the individual effects, and not the white noise term may be heteroscedastic. Finally, we assume that the error components are normally distributed. We first establish, under a specific set of assumptions, the asymptotic distribution of the Score under contiguous alternatives. We then derive the expression for the Score test statistic for individual heteroscedasticity. Finally, we discuss the asymptotic local power of this Score test statistic.panel data; error components model; score test; individual heteroscedasticity: contiguous alternatives; asymptotic local power

Estimation of multivariate probit models by exact maximum likelihood

In this paper, we develop a new numerical method to estimate a multivariate probit model. To this end, we derive a new decomposition of normal multivariate integrals that has two appealing properties. First, the decomposition may be written as the sum of normal multivariate integrals, in which the highest dimension of the integrands is reduced relative to the initial problem. Second, the domains of integration are bounded and delimited by the correlation coefficients. Application of a Gauss-Legendre quadrature rule to the exact likelihood function of lower dimension allows for a major reduction of computing time while simultaneously obtaining consistent and efficient estimates for both the slope and the scale parameters. A Monte Carlo study shows that the finite sample and asymptotic properties of our method compare extremely favorably to the maximum simulated likelihood estimator in terms of both bias and root mean squared error.Multivariate Probit Model, Simulated and Full Information Maximum Likelihood, Multivariate Normal Distribution, Simulations

Physicians' working practices : target income, altruistic objectives or a maximization problem ?

In traditional literature, a number of authors posit that physicians, like a consumer or a firm, adopt maximization behavior, while others claim that they are motivated by the attainment of a target income. These three approaches may seem contradictory, yet the present study aims to show that they are in fact complementary. This paper aims to highlight the overlapping of these approaches by using a theoretical model - the agent model. From this model, we deduce the income effect, the individualistic substitution effect, the monopolistic effect and their respective elasticities to detect target income behavior. We develop also two theoretical models of leisure and income renouncement to determine the priority which the physician gives to consumption and leisure. Unlike other models, our results show that about 20% of physicians prefer to reach an altruistic objective rather than a leisure or an target income. These last result implies a ranking of target priorities. Moreover, we observe that the Slutsky relation cannot be used to determine individualistic substitution, monopolistic substitution and income effects exactly when leisure is an inferior good. Nor can we confirm the adoption of a target income behavior when income and monopolistic elasticities are negative. Renouncement models indicate that between 60% and 67% of GPs have a clear consumption priority and that they accept a renouncement of their leisure in order to maintain their current level of income. Our results demonstrate that it would be necessary to introduce monopolistic power of physicians and their altruistic priority to test inducement demand.

Agent model with a monopoly power : physicians

The aim of this paper is to model a liberal profession, in this case physicians. We propose a model in which the physician acts in the same way as an agent who maximises his utility function subject to his budget constraint, while at the same time being able to affect his rate of remuneration. This model presupposes that physicians attempt to reach two target, namely income and leisure, and that the trade-o€ between these two target depends on their monopolistic power. Unlike existing models, our proposed model advances that some physicians may have a disutility for leisure and may adopt altruistic or strategic behaviours. To determine the relevance of our model, we estimate salaried, firm and agent versions of the model based on a sample of 317 physicians practicing in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region (PACA). We observe that physicians do not act like a purely profit-maximising firm. Furthermore, they are able to affect their net remuneration rate through their labour supply. The model that we propose therefore is of particular importance. We estimate that around 20% of physicians experience disutility from leisure, which can be explained by their adoption of altruistic and strategic behaviours.Physicians, Income, Econometric Models

Health and health care inequalities in Switzerland : a brief review of the literature

Through a review of the published literature on inequalities in health and health care in Switzerland, this paper covers major issues of inequality in health status, health care delivery, health care financing, and relationships between social inequality and inequality in health. In relation to "globalization", the paper contains analysis of the impact of Swiss migration policy on health inequality. Following an introduction that contextualizes the discussion, section 2 highlights the relevant aspects of the health insurance system in Switzerland. The country's policy related to "migration and health" is summarized in section 3. Section 4 presents work that has been undertaken on inequality in health status, and section 5 presents work on population behaviour with direct effects on health. Issues related to the health insurance system are presented in section 6, and section 7 addresses specific aspects of inequality in health care financing and the redistributive effects of health insurance. Section 8 reviews the literature dealing with inequality in the use of and access to health care; and in section 9 studies dealing with the importance of social environment on health and heath care inequalities are discussed. The authors provide some preliminary conclusions regarding the migrant population in section 10, and offer some concluding remarks and suggestions for future research in section 11. [Ed.]]]> Socioeconomic Factors ; Health Status Indicators ; Delivery of Health Care eng oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_DD6B0E3FACC3 2022-05-07T01:28:26Z <oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd"> https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_DD6B0E3FACC3 Remittances in the Global Political Economy info:doi:10.4337/9781783478842 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.4337/9781783478842 Kunz, Rahel info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart incollection 2018-07-03 Handbook on the International Political Economy of Gender, pp. 265-280 Elias, Juanita (ed.) Roberts, Adrienne (ed.) info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/isbn/978-1-78347-883-5 eng oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_DD6B5E270A1D 2022-05-07T01:28:26Z openaire documents urnserval <oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd"> https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_DD6B5E270A1D Ethos and Inference: Insights from a Multimodal Perspective http://www.collegepublications.co.uk/logic/sla/?00011 Jacquin, Jérôme info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart incollection 2018 Argumentation and Inference: Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Argumentation, Fribourg 2017, vol. 2, pp. 413-423 Oswald, Steve (ed.) Maillat, Didier (ed.) info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/isbn/978-1-84890-284-8 <![CDATA[While the inferential dimension of ethos has been studied extensively, its relationship with multimodality, i.e. the fact that linguistic devices used in verbal interaction combine with other semiotic resources such as gestures or shifts in gaze direction, remains largely unknown. Stepping from a language-oriented approach to argumentation, the paper describes a theoretical framework for the multimodal analysis of ethos in argumentative talk-in-interaction. An example taken from a video-recorded corpus of French public debates is provided

Agent model with a monopoly power : physicians

The aim of this paper is to model a liberal profession, in this case physicians. We propose a model in which the physician acts in the same way as an agent who maximises his utility function subject to his budget constraint, while at the same time being able to affect his rate of remuneration. This model presupposes that physicians attempt to reach two target, namely income and leisure, and that the trade-o between these two target depends on their monopolistic power. Unlike existing models, our proposed model advances that some physicians may have a disutility for leisure and may adopt altruistic or strategic behaviours. To determine the relevance of our model, we estimate salaried, firm and agent versions of the model based on a sample of 317 physicians practicing in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region (PACA). We observe that physicians do not act like a purely profit-maximising firm. Furthermore, they are able to affect their net remuneration rate through their labour supply. The model that we propose therefore is of particular importance. We estimate that around 20% of physicians experience disutility from leisure, which can be explained by their adoption of altruistic and strategic behaviours. [Authors]]]> Physicians ; Income ; Models, Econometric eng https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_593001751D8A.P001/REF.pdf http://nbn-resolving.org/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_593001751D8A7 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/urn/urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_593001751D8A7 info:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersion info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Copying allowed only for non-profit organizations https://serval.unil.ch/disclaimer application/pdf oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_593006E8D85F 2022-05-07T01:18:26Z openaire documents urnserval <oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd"> https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_593006E8D85F Réactions émotionnelles chez les patients en traitement palliatif info:doi:10.4414/fms.2017.03138 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.4414/fms.2017.03138 Savioz, Véronique Guex, Patrice info:eu-repo/semantics/article article 2017-12-06 Forum Medical Suisse, vol. 17, no. 49, pp. 1087-1093 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/1661-6138 fre https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_593006E8D85F.P001/REF.pdf http://nbn-resolving.org/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_593006E8D85F5 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/urn/urn:nbn:ch:serval-BIB_593006E8D85F5 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Copying allowed only for non-profit organizations https://serval.unil.ch/disclaimer application/pdf oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_5930881AAFA5 2022-05-07T01:18:26Z <oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd"> https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_5930881AAFA5 Analyse de la mobilité criminelle entre les cantons de Genève et Vaud (2009-2012) Grossrieder, L. Chopin, J. Jendly, M. Ecole des sciences criminelles (ESC) info:eu-repo/semantics/report techreport 2013 fre oai:serval.unil.ch:BIB_5930D29F2172 2022-05-07T01:18:26Z <oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd"> https://serval.unil.ch/notice/serval:BIB_5930D29F2172 Rate and mechanism of the photoreduction of birnessite (MnO2) nanosheets info:doi:10.1073/pnas.1421018112 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/doi/10.1073/pnas.1421018112 http://www.pnas.org/content/112/15/4600.short Marafatto, Francesco Femi Strader, Matthew L. Gonzalez-Holguera, Julia Schwartzberg, Adam Gilbert, Benjamin Peña, Jasquelin info:eu-repo/semantics/article article 2015-03 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 112, no. 15, pp. 4600-4605 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pissn/0027-8424 info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/eissn/1091-6490 urn:issn:0006-2952 <![CDATA[The photoreductive dissolution of Mn(IV) oxide minerals in sunlit aquatic environments couples the Mn cycle to the oxidation of organic matter and fate of trace elements associated with Mn oxides, but the intrinsic rate and mechanism of mineral dissolution in the absence of organic electron donors is unknown. We investigated the photoreduction of δ-MnO2 nanosheets at pH 6.5 with Na or Ca as the interlayer cation under 400-nm light irradiation and quantified the yield and timescales of Mn(III) production. Our study of transient intermediate states using time-resolved optical and X-ray absorption spectroscopy showed key roles for chemically distinct Mn(III) species. The reaction pathway involves (i) formation of Jahnâeuro"Teller distorted Mn(III) sites in the octahedral sheet within 0.6 ps of photoexcitation; (ii) Mn(III) migration into the interlayer within 600 ps; and (iii) increased nanosheet stacking. We propose that irreversible Mn reduction is coupled to hole-scavenging by surface water molecules or hydroxyl groups, with associated radical formation. This work demonstrates the importance of direct MnO2 photoreduction in environmental processes and provides a framework to test new hypotheses regarding the role of organic molecules and metal species in photochemical reactions with Mn oxide phases. The timescales for the production and evolution of Mn(III) species and a catalytic role for interlayer Ca2+ identified here from spectroscopic measurements can also guide the design of efficient Mn-based catalysts for water oxidation

The redistributive and stabilising effects of an EMU unemployment benefit scheme under different hypothetical unemployment scenarios

The idea of a common unemployment benefit system for the European Monetary Union (EMU) has provoked increasing interest in both the political and academic spheres because of its potential to smooth fluctuations in income across member states and to strengthen income security for the unemployed. In this paper, we simulate two hypothetical negative employment shocks and make use of the microsimulation model EUROMOD to explore the implications for income protection of the introduction of an EMU unemployment insurance (EMU-UI) scheme, for a selected number of countries of the Monetary Union. Our results show that the EMU-UI has the potential to reduce the risk of poverty for those affected by the negative employment shock and to have an additional positive effect on within-country income stabilisation, although the effects of the EMU-UI vary considerably in size across the countries analysed

Welfare compensation for unemployment in the great recession

This paper analyses the extent to which tax-benefit systems provide an automatic stabilisation of income for those who became unemployed at the onset of the Great Recession. The focus of the analysis is on the compensation for earnings lost due to unemployment which is channelled through the welfare systems to this group of people who are clearly vulnerable to the recession's adverse effects. In order to assess the impact of unemployment on household income, counterfactual scenarios are simulated by using EUROMOD, the EU-wide microsimulation model, integrated with information from the EU-LFS data. This paper provides evidence on the differing degrees of relative and absolute resilience of the household incomes of the new unemployed. These arise from the variations in the protection offered by the national tax-benefit systems, depending on entitlement or not to Unemployment Benefits, and from the personal and household circumstances of those most recently at risk of unemployment in the countries considered

The effect of non-medical factors on variations in the performance of colonoscopy among different health care settings

Background: Previous studies in the literature have shown significant variations in colonoscopy performance, even when medical factors are taken into account. This study aimed to examine the role of non-medical factors (i.e. embodied in health care system design) as possible contributors to variations in colonoscopy performance. Methods: We used patient data from a multicenter observational study conducted between 2000 and 2002 in 21 centers across 11 western countries. Variability was captured through two performance outcomes (diagnostic yield and colonoscopy withdrawal time), jointly studied as dependent variables using a multilevel two-equation system. Results: Results showed that open-access systems and high-volume colonoscopy centers were independently associated with a higher likelihood of detecting significant lesions and higher withdrawal durations. Fee for service (FFS) payment was associated with shorter withdrawal durations, and had an indirect negative impact on the diagnostic yield. Teaching centers exhibited lower detection rates and higher withdrawal times. Conclusions: Our results suggest that gate-keeping colonoscopy is likely to miss patients with significant lesions and that developing specialized colonoscopy units is important to improve performance. Results also suggest that FFS may result in a lower quality of care in colonoscopy practice and highlight that longer withdrawal times do not necessarily mean higher quality in teaching-centers.Medical Practice Variation (MPV), performance, non-medical factors, panel two-equation linear-probit model, colonoscopy