Where Did The Moon Come From?

The current standard theory of the origin of the Moon is that the Earth was hit by a giant impactor the size of Mars causing ejection of iron poor impactor mantle debris that coalesced to form the Moon. But where did this Mars-sized impactor come from? Isotopic evidence suggests that it came from 1AU radius in the solar nebula and computer simulations are consistent with it approaching Earth on a zero-energy parabolic trajectory. But how could such a large object form in the disk of planetesimals at 1AU without colliding with the Earth early-on before having a chance to grow large or before its or the Earth's iron core had formed? We propose that the giant impactor could have formed in a stable orbit among debris at the Earth's Lagrange point $L_4$ (or $L_5$). We show such a configuration is stable, even for a Mars-sized impactor. It could grow gradually by accretion at $L_4$ (or $L_5$), but eventually gravitational interactions with other growing planetesimals could kick it out into a chaotic creeping orbit which we show would likely cause it to hit the Earth on a zero-energy parabolic trajectory. This paper argues that this scenario is possible and should be further studied.Comment: 64 pages, 27 figures, accepted for publication in A

New method for coating microspheres with zirconium carbide and zirconium carbide--carbon graded coats

A new method for the chemical vapor deposition of ZrC and C--ZrC alloys has been developed. This process has been applied to the fabrication of coated particle nuclear fuels of the type used in the large High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor. A powder feeder is used to supply ZrCl$sub 4$ to the fluidized bed coating furnace where it undergoes reaction with a hydrocarbon to form ZrC. Quantitative metering of the ZrCl$sub 4$ makes it possible to control the deposition of the ZrC and the codeposition of the C--ZrC alloys on the fuel particles. Examples of both types of coats made using the described technique are discussed and illustrated. (auth

100 MHz fiber optic single transient gamma ray detection system

A fiber optic system has been developed to measure single transient gamma rays. The gamma ray signature is converted to light by the Cerenkov process in a 20 cm length of radiation resistant optical fiber. The signal is transmitted over 1 km of optical fiber and detected by state-of-the-art, 175 MHz analog receivers. The receivers are based on silicon PIN detectors with transimpedance hybrid amplifiers and two stages of power amplification. The dc coupled receivers have less than 2% distortion up to 5 volts with less than 10 mV rms noise and a responsivity of 37,500 V/watt at 800 nm. A calibration system measures relative fiber to fiber transit time delays and ''system'' sensitivity. System bandwidth measurements utilized an electron linear accelerator (Linac) with a 50 ps electron pulse as the Cerenkov light source. The system will be described with supporting calibrationa and characterization data of parts of the system and the whole system

Reaction of metal sulfates with molybdenum oxide, a high temperature reaction step for thermochemical cycles

The reaction of sulfates with molybdenum oxide at high temperature was studied to determine the feasibility of using these reactions in a thermochemical process for making hydrogen. The experiments were performed by heating the blended powders to temperatures of 1075 K and higher and analyzing the evolved gas for acid content. It was found that the reaction rate over the first few minutes increased with both temperature and MoO/sub 3/. The fraction of sulfate reacting in the first 5 minutes varies with cation used. At 1125 K and for a molar ratio of sulfate ion/MoO/sub 3/ of 0.5, the fraction reacted was 0.29 for BaSO/sub 4/, 0.32 for CaSO/sub 4/ and 0.82 for La/sub 2/(SO/sub 4/)/sub 3/. These results are encouraging and indicate that an alternative means to sulfuric acid drying and decomposition is feasible using a mixed sulfate/oxide system to lower the effective decomposition temperature of the insoluble sulfate

Irradiation test OF-2: high-temperature irradiation behavior of LASL-made fuel rods and LASL-made coated particles. [ZrC coated particles]

Three LASL-made, substoichiometric ZrC-coated particles with inert kernels, and two high-density molded graphite fuel rods that contained LASL-made, ZrC-coated fissile particles were irradiated in the Oak Ridge Research Reactor test OF-2. The severest test conditions were 8.36 x 10/sup 21/ nvt (E greater than 0.18 MeV) at 1350/sup 0/C. The graphite matrix showed no effect of the irradiation. There was no interaction between the matrix and any of the particle coats. The loose ZrC coated particles with inert kernels showed no irradiation effects. The graded ZrC-C coats on the fissile particles were cracked. It is postulated that the cracking is associated with the low LTI deposition rate and is not related to the ZrC

Histology of the vaginal wall in women with pelvic organ prolapse: a literature review.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: The pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is incompletely understood. The purpose of this study is to describe the current knowledge about histology of the vaginal wall and its possible involvement in the pathogenesis of pelvic organ prolapse. METHODS: Eligible studies were selected through a MEDLINE search covering January 1986 to December 2012. The research was limited to English-language publications. RESULTS: Investigations of changes in the vaginal tissue that occur in women with genital prolapse are currently still limited and produced contrary results. The heterogeneity of the patients and the control groups in terms of age, parity and hormonal status, of the localization of biopsies and the histological methods as well as the lack of validation of the quantification procedures do not allow clear and definitive conclusions to be drawn. CONCLUSIONS: This review shows that current knowledge of the histological changes observed in women with POP are inconclusive and relatively limited. More studies are needed in this specific field to better understand the mechanisms that lead to POP