Ultrasound assisted citronella oil in water nanoemulsion and comparison with conventional methods

470-478This study involved the acoustic cavitation aided process intensification of citronella oil-based nanoemulsion with varying process parameters. A citronella oil (10 wt. %) in water emulsion was prepared at optimized parameters such as sonication time of 20 min, surfactant concentration of 7.5 wt. % of the total emulsion with (Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance) HLB value of 12 and power amplitude of 35% (of the total power of 750 W). The prepared emulsions stability was assessed over visual observation and kinetic stability of the emulsion after formulation with 7, 30 and 90 days’ time interval term as long-term stability reported as a fraction of phase separation in percentage (f (%)). The ultrasonically prepared emulsion was found to more stable with the mean droplet diameter (MDD) of 22-23 nm, whereas, conventionally prepared emulsion get separated and creamed within the day as well as formulation required more process time and energy dissipation

HIV and HPV infections and ocular surface squamous neoplasia: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The frequency of ocular surface squamous neoplasias (OSSNs) has been increasing in populations with a high prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and infection with human papillomavirus (HPV). We aimed to quantify the association between HIV/AIDS and HPV infection and OSSN, through systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: The articles providing data on the association between HIV/AIDS and/or HPV infection and OSSN were identified in MEDLINE, SCOPUS and EMBASE searched up to May 2013, and through backward citation tracking. The DerSimonian and Laird method was used to compute summary relative risk (RR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Heterogeneity was quantified with the I(2) statistic. RESULTS: HIV/AIDS was strongly associated with an increased risk of OSSN (summary RR=8.06, 95% CI: 5.29-12.30, I(2)=56.0%, 12 studies). The summary RR estimate for the infection with mucosal HPV subtypes was 3.13 (95% CI: 1.72-5.71, I(2)=45.6%, 16 studies). Four studies addressed the association between both cutaneous and mucosal HPV subtypes and OSSN; the summary RR estimates were 3.52 (95% CI: 1.23-10.08, I(2)=21.8%) and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.57-2.05, I(2)=0.0%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Human immunodeficiency virus infection increases the risk of OSSN by nearly eight-fold. Regarding HPV infection, only the cutaneous subtypes seem to be a risk factor