Foreign direct investment, investment incentives, and firing costs: A disadvantage for "inflexible Europe"?

Investment incentives targeted at attracting multinational firms have been extensively documented and researched, and empirical evidence has shown them to be influential. The same is not true of exit costs. Yet, as recent theory suggests, there may be a trade-off between entry incentives and costs of exit, for example, due to employment protection. This paper focuses on just that trade-off in the case of US multinationals in 33 host countries. Our results suggest that both entry incentives and firing costs are important and ignoring the latter neglects an important dimension in firms’ location decision. This has implications for Europe as a location for FDI, as European labor markets are generally considered relatively inflexible compared to, for example, the US.

Price Cost Margins and Exporting Behaviour: Evidence from Firm Level Data

This paper examines whether exporting activity matters for firm's price cost margins. The recent literature on exporting and productivity shows that exporters on average are more efficient than nonexporters. If that is the case we may also expect them to have different mark-ups. We investigate this issue using company level data for UK manufacturing industries. The measurement of mark-ups follows the recent approach presented by Roeger (1995). Our results show that, on average, exporters have higher mark-ups than non-exporters. We also distinguish sectors into homogeneous and differentiated goods producing. This distinction shows that we only find higher mark-ups for exporters in differentiated goods sectors, not in homogeneous sectors.exports, mark-ups, price cost margins, productivity

Does foreign direct investment affect wage inequality? An empirical investigation

We use a panel of more than 100 countries for the period 1980 to 2002 to analyse the relationship between inward foreign direct investment (FDI) and wage inequality. We particularly check whether this relationship is non-linear, in line with a theoretical discussion. We find that the effect of FDI differs according to the level of development: we depict two different patterns, one for OECD (developed) and one for non-OECD (developing) countries. Results suggest the presence of a non linear effect in developing countries; wage inequality increases with FDI inward stock but this effect diminishes with further increases in FDI. For developed countries, wage inequality decreases with FDI inward stock and there is no robust evidence to show that this effect is non-linear.Foreign Direct Investment, Wage Inequality, Multinational Firms

Spillovers from Foreign Firms through Worker Mobility: An Empirical Investigation

While there has been a large empirical literature on productivity spillovers from multinationals this literature treats the channels through which these spillover effects work as a black box. The innovation of this paper is to investigate whether spillovers occur via worker mobility. We use data on whether or not the owner of a domestic firm has previous experience in a multinational, and relate this information to firm level productivity. Our results suggest that firms which are run by owners that worked for multinationals in the same industry immediately prior to opening up their own firm are more productive than other domestic firms.Foreign direct investment; Spillovers; Worker mobility; Training

Services Outsourcing and Innovation: An Empirical Investigation

We provide a comprehensive empirical analysis of the links between international services outsourcing, domestic outsourcing, profits and innovation using plant level data. We find a positive effect of international outsourcing of services on innovative activity at the plant level. Such a positive effect can also be observed for domestic outsourcing of services, but the magnitude is smaller. This makes intuitive sense, as international outsourcing allows more scope for exploiting international factor price differentials, therefore giving the establishment higher profits and more scope to restructure production activities towards innovation. We also find that international services outsourcing has a positive effect on profitability, as predicted by theory, while this is not true for domestic sourcing. The results are robust to various specifications and an instrumental variables analysis.innovation, services outsourcing, offshoring, R&D

Multinational companies and wage inequality in the host country: the case of Ireland.

Multinationales Unternehmen; Technologietransfer; Lohntheorie; Neue Wachstumstheorie; Theorie; Schätzung;

Foreign acquisition, plant survival, and employment growth

This paper analyses the effect of foreign acquisition on survival probability and employment growth of target plant using data on Swedish manufacturing plants during the period 1993-2002. An improvement over previous studies is that we take into account firm level heterogeneity by separating the targeted plants into those within Swedish MNEs, Swedish exporting non-MNEs, and purely domestic firms before foreign takeover. The results, controlling for possible endogeneity of the acquisition dummy using an IV and propensity score matching approach suggest that acquisition by foreign owners increases the lifetime of the acquired plants only if the plant was an exporter. The effect differs depending on whether the acquisition is horizontal or vertical. We also find robust positive employment growth effects only for exporters, and only if the takeover is vertical, not horizontal.Acquisitions; plant survival; employment growth; multinational enterprises

The impact of FDI on industry performance

This paper investigates the productivity effects of inward and outward foreign direct investment using industry and country level data for 17 OECD countries. The paper relates to a large recent literature on productivity spillovers from inward FDI, however, we also consider the relationship between productivity and outward FDI in the same estimation. Our results show that there are, on average, productivity benefits from inward FDI, although we can identify a number of countries which, on aggregate, do not appear to benefit in terms of productivity. On the other hand, a country's stock of outward FDI is, on average, negatively related to productivity. However, again there is substantial heterogeneity in the effect across OECD countries.Foreign direct investment, inward FDI, outward FDI, productivity, spillovers

Services Offshoring and Wages: Evidence from Micro Data

This paper investigates the effects of services offshoring on wages using individual level data combined with industry information on offshoring. Our results show that services offshoring affects the real wage of low and medium skilled individuals negatively. By contrast, skilled workers benefit from services offshoring in terms of higher real wages. Hence, offshoring has contributed to a widening of the wage gap between skilled and less skilled workers. This result is obtained while controlling for individual and sectoral observed and unobserved heterogeneity. In particular, our empirical model also controls for the impact of technological change and offshoring of materials.services offshoring, individual wages