How Would States Be Affected By Health Reform?

Estimates for each state the number of uninsured who would become eligible for Medicaid under reform, those currently eligible who would enroll, those who would receive subsidies in insurance exchanges, and those who would be ineligible for assistance

Massachusetts Health Reform: Solving the Long-Run Cost Problem

Outlines options for controlling the long-term costs of the state's universal health insurance, including managed competition, a new public insurance option, a semi-public agency to coordinate programs negotiating rates, and all-payer rate-setting

Targeting Subsidies: Employers Versus Individuals

Provides an overview of the debate over whether subsidies to employers or to individuals would increase health coverage more efficiently. Argues for targeting low-income individuals but with reforms to limit financial exposure to a percentage of income

Do Individual Mandates Matter?

Outlines the reasons why achieving universal health insurance coverage requires an individual mandate, and why individual mandate proposals must address the affordability of adequate coverage and develop fair and effective ways to enforce the mandate

Changes in Insured Coverage and Access to Care for Middle-Class Americans, 1999-2002

This brief examines how insurance coverage and access to health care of middle class Americans changed between 1999 and 2002. We contrast the experience of the middle class with that of lower and higher income Americans over the period. These years were largely dominated by the downturn in the U.S. economy, although the first of the three years (1999) represented a continuation of the broad economic expansion of the 1990s

Psychological Analysis of Degree of Safety in Traffic Environment Design

See this work in the Center for Transportation Research Library catalog: https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/Presto/catalogid=5773Recent on-site accident investigation studies have estimated that between 10 and 25 percent of automobile accidents involve distraction as a principal causative factor. This report presents the findings of a research project designed to study the relationship between visual dis tractors in the roadside environment, such as advertising signs, neon lights, and gaudy billboards, and traffic safety. This project has involved the definition, operationalization, and measurement of visual distractibility in the traffic environment, including an analysis of distractions attributable to private signs and lights in the Vicinity of public signs and signals and of distractions caused by an overload or improper placement of public signs.Texas Office of Traffic SafetyCenter for Transportation ResearchSee this work in the Center for Transportation Research Library catalog

Psychological versus spatial effects on social schema distances of normal and schizophrenic subjects.

An important step in learning to understand social behavior is the development of a technique to measure the degree of attraction between individuals. A number of researchers have suggested the usefulness of a figure placement technique as a nonverbal measure of interpersonal attraction (Weinstein, 1965; Carlson & Price, 1966; Fisher, 196?; Levinger Sc Gunner, 196?; Gottheil, Corey, & Paredes, 1968; Tolor, 1968; Higgins , Peterson, & LiseLotte, 1969), This technique is based on the earlier work of Kuethe (1962, 196^) on social schemata. Silhouette representations of huiaan figures are placed upon a neutral background in order to assess subjects\u27 cognitive dispositions toward their interpersonal world

An Evaluation of the Utilization of Psychological Knowledge Concerning Potential Roadside Distractors

See this work in the Center for Transportation Research Library catalog: https://library.ctr.utexas.edu/Presto/catalogid=5775This report presents the findings of a project designed: (1) to evaluate the effect of nighttime distractors on accidents at signalized intersections, and (2) to facilitate the implementation at the local level of traffic safety standards. The findings of Part I, based on a study of nighttime accidents occurring at 30 metropolitan intersections, offer tentative data that both the color and the proximity of lights may be important in determining their distractibility with respect to the traffic signal. Part II describes the procedures followed by the project team to disseminate psychological knowledge concerning environmental distractors in the traffic environment to appropriate local agencies and includes an evaluation of the utilization of this information by these agencies.Texas Office of Traffic SafetyCenter for Transportation ResearchSee this work in the Center for Transportation Research Library catalog

How Would State-Based Individual Mandates Affect Health Insurance Coverage and Premium Costs?

Issue: The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated the financial penalty of the Affordable Care Act's individual mandate. States could reinstate a similar penalty to encourage health insurance enrollment, ensuring broad sharing of health care costs across healthy and sick populations to stabilize the marketplaces.Goal: To provide state-by-state estimates of the impact on insurance coverage, premiums, and mandate penalty revenues if the state were to adopt an individual mandate.Methods: Urban Institute's Health Insurance Policy Simulation Model (HIPSM) is used to estimate the coverage and cost impacts of state-specific individual mandates. We assume each state adopts an individual mandate similar to the ACA's.Findings and Conclusion: If all states implemented individual mandates, the number of uninsured would be lower by 3.9 million in 2019 and 7.5 million in 2022. On average, marketplace premiums would be 11.8 percent lower in 2019. State mandate penalty revenues would amount to $7.4 billion and demand for uncompensated care would be$11.4 billion lower. The impact on coverage and on premiums varies in significant ways across states. For example, in 2019, the number of people uninsured would be 19 percent lower in Colorado and 10 percent lower in California if they implemented their own mandates. With mandates in place, average premiums would be 4 percent lower in Alaska and 15 percent lower in Washington

How Auto-Enrollment Can Achieve Near-Universal Coverage: Policy and Implementation Issues

Issue: Automatic enrollment is receiving increased policy attention as a means of achieving universal coverage. Auto-enrollment also could have eliminated insurance gaps that occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it could face resistance from some Americans who would newly be expected to pay premiums. The approach also raises difficult design and implementation issues.Goal: Explore how two auto-enrollment strategies, one affecting all legal residents and another affecting a narrower low-income population, might work.Methods: Based on lessons learned from the Affordable Care Act and understanding of subsidized insurance programs, we explore design and implementation issues, such as how to deem enrollment, how to collect premiums, and which exemptions to permit. We also use the Urban Institute's Health Insurance Policy Simulation Model (HIPSM) to estimate coverage and cost implications of each approach.Key Findings and Conclusions: Both the comprehensive and limited approach to auto-enrollment would require the development of new administrative systems and enhanced marketplace subsidies to improve coverage affordability. Each approach would operate more simply if accompanied by a public insurance option. We conclude that the administrative and financing challenges related to auto-enrollment can be addressed and that a balance between public costs and sufficient political support could be identified