Policy Issues in Maine School Finance Reform

Jean Lavigne and Patricia Hofmaster assess Maine’s position relative to school finance reform and offer some suggestions for future action

Stress in human services: The helpers need help

Counselors, social workers and other human service personnel are trained to help individuals and groups cope with and make productive use of crisis situations. The challenge for many helping professionals today may be to apply their training to themselves as they face personal crisis both on and off the job

Foliar Sprays to Control the Corn Earworm, European Corn Borer and Corn Earworm in Sweet Corn

Abstract ‘N &amp; K 199’ sweet corn was planted, 10 inch spacing in 3 ft rows, on June 1, 1975. Treatment plots were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of three 25 ft long rows with a single untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. Insecticides were applied to the ear area with a D. B. Smith 5 gallon knapsack, hand-operated compressed air sprayer at the rate of 25 gal/A (40 psi), using a Spraying Systems ConeJet Y8 nozzle. Treatments were initiated just prior to first silk on July 28 and continued at 2 to 3 day intervals through August 13-8 treatments in all. On August 20, twenty-five ears from each treatment replicate were checked for earworm, European corn borer and fall armyworm injury. Earworm damaged ears were divided into 2 classes: 1) Medium - Damage to 1.5 inches from tip, ear could be clipped; and 2) Severe - Damage well beyond ear tip and of such nature that ear could not be clipped or salvaged for use. Corn borer and fall armyworm infested ears were not graded into classes but merely recorded as infested or uninfested. A measure of the overall effectiveness against the 3 pests was determined by recording the number of unmarketable ears per 25 ears examined.</jats:p

Cabbage Looper Control in Broccoli with Orthene Granules, 1976

Abstract ’Waltham 29’ broccoli was transplanted August 15 in 3-ft rows with 17-inch spacing. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of a single 10-ft long row with an untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. Various methods of treatment were employed and are designated as follows: Band at transplant - Banded 2 to 3 inches from plant and about 3 inches deep on both sides of the row on August 31. Furrow cut alongside row with hand cultivator, the granules dropped therein with a hand shaker and then covered. Foliar at transplant-Distributed over top of broccoli plants with a hand shaker on August 31. Foliar at transplant and lay-by - Orthene 5G (5 lb ai/acre) distributed over plants with hand shaker on August 31 and again at lay-by on September 28; Foliar at transplant and 1 lb ai/acre foliar as needed - Orthene 5G (3 lb ai/acre) distributed over plants with hand shaker on August 31 followed by Orthene 5G (1 lb ai/acre) foliar applications on September 21 and 28; Foliar at transplant plus 2 lb ai/acre foliar at 2-week intervals - Orthene 5G (2 lb ai/acre) dis-tributed over plants with hand shaker on August 31 followed by Orthene 5G (2 lb ai/acre) foliar applications on September 14 and 28; Foliar weekly - Orthene 5G (1 lb ai/acre) distributed over foliage on August 31 followed by subsequent applications at same rate on September 14, 21, and 28; Foliar spray - Applied August 31, September 7, 14, 21, and 28 with D. B. Smith 5-gallon knapsack, hand-operated compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 100 gal/acre using a D. B. Smith #147 adjustable cone nozzle. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of loopers per 5 broccoli plants or by foliage injury ratings.</jats:p

Potato Tuberworm and Potato Aphid Control on Potato with Foliar Insecticidal Sprays, 1976

Abstract 'Pungo' Irish potatoes were planted, 10 inch spacing in 3 foot rows, on August 5, 1976. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of a single 25 foot long row bordered on each side by an untreated row. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5 gallon knapsack, hand-operated compressed air sprayer at the rate of 100 gallons/acre (40 psi) using a D. B. Smith #E147 adjustable cone nozzle. Applications were made on September 7, 14, 21 and 30 and October 7, 15 and 23, 1976, for all treatments except FMC 35093 and FMC 22864. Due to shortness of material FMC 35093 was applied only on September 7, 14 and 30 and FMC 22864 sprays were terminated after September 30. In evaluating the various insecticidal treatments the number of tuberworm mines in the foliage/10 hills and the number of aphids/10 terminal potato leaves were counted. The potatoes were harvested November 4.</jats:p

Insecticides to Control Wireworms, Systena Flea Beetles and Sweet Potato Flea Beetles in Sweet Potatoes, 1976

Abstract ‘Julian’ sweet potato sprouts were transplanted June 2 in 3-ft rows with 12-inch spacing. Treatment plots were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized complete bl ock design. Each plot consisted of five 25-ft-long rows with 2 untreated rows adjacent to each plot. The soil type was a sassafras fine sandy loam. Various methods of treatment were employed and are designated as follows: PreplantIncorporated (PPI) - Broadcast overall on June 1 by means of a Root-Lowell rotary hand duster or a D. B. Smith 5-gallon knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer at the rate of 40 gal/A (40 psi) using a D. B. Smith #E-147 adjustable cone nozzle and disced into the top 4-5 inches within 2 hours after treatment; Root Swell (RS) - Broadcast over foliage at time of root swell on August 4 using the duster and sprayer previously described, followed by cultivation; Preplant Incorporated plus Root Swell (PPI + RS) - combination of the above with same timing and methods; Over Foliage (OF) - Broadcast over foliage in a 10-12 inch band on July 10 with the Root-Lowell duster followed by cultivation; Foliage Spray (FS) - Applications over foliage on July 23, August 12, September 6, and October 1 using the D. B. Smith knapsack sprayer adjusted to deliver 100 gallons of spray/A. In evaluating the various treatments, 25 roots were selected at random from each plot and the number damaged by wireworms, Systena sp.</jats:p

Systemic Granulars To Control Mexican Bean Beetle and Atlantic Spider Mite in Soybeans, 1976

Abstract York soybeans were planted May 21' 76 by conventional planters with 36 in row spacing. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of a single 30 ft long row with an untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. All materials were applied with an Almaco V-Belt Nursery Seeder, banded about 1.5-2.0 in from the seed and 2.0 in deep. Mexican bean beetle larvae counts were made on July 7 by selecting 10 plants at random from each plot and counting all the larvae thereon. The effectiveness of the various systemics against the Atlantic spider mite was determined by taking a single leaf from each of 25 plants/plot on July 26 and Aug 7 and recording the number of mites on 1 square inch of leaf surface or by foliage injury ratings. These foliage injury ratings were as follows: 1) No visible signs of mite damage; 2) Some "flecking" of leaves but not enough to interfere with plant growth; 3) Mite injury obvious; possible retardation beginning; 4) Severe mite injury on 50% or more of foliage; plants appear stunted; and 5) 100% of leaves severely damaged. The beans were harvested Nov 4 by cutting the entire 30 ft row and threshing with a stationary plot thresher.</jats:p