Parents' gender-based attitudes toward marital roles and child rearing: Development and validation of new measures

Factor analysis of 18 Likert-type items dealing with gender stereotypes about family roles was conducted and yielded two measures: one focused on marital roles and one focussed on child rearing. Respondents were parents of children in the third and fourth grades of a large industrialized city in the Midwest. The sample included 364 families equally divided between middle and lower class with 23% African American and 77% European American. For both scales, more stereotyped scores were obtained by parents who were lower in social status, less educated, full-time homemakers, African Americans, and fathers. Parents' scores related to a separate measure of children's stereotypes and the marital-role attitudes related to actual roles reported by family members. Daughters whose parents obtained less stereotyped scores had a more internal locus of control, showed a trend toward more independent coping skills, and—in the middle class—obtained higher scores on achievement tests.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45608/1/11199_2005_Article_BF01544598.pd

Predicting infant outcome in families of employed and nonemployed mothers

Differences in infant outcome, predictor variables, and their relationships were explored as a function of maternal employment. Thirty 18-month-olds and their mothers were studied. Child intelligence, attachment security, and dependency were measured, as well as frequency of stressful events in the mother's life, quality of the parents' marital relationship, frequency of the mother's social contacts, and extent of the mother's emotional and parenting supports. Also included were the mother's ability to cope; satisfaction with emotional, parenting, and child care supports; and role satisfaction. For children of employed mothers, attachment and dependency were negatively correlated; securely attached children showed less dependency behavior. For employed mothers, satisfaction with child care and frequent social contacts predicted secure child attachment. Satisfaction with child care, role satisfaction, and ability to cope were strongly interrelated. For nonemployed mothers, maternal coping predicted attachment security, while frequent social contacts predicted greater child dependency. Predictors of child outcome were highly interrelated for nonemployed mothers, with satisfaction with emotional supports playing a pivotal role. These differences suggest that different models to predict infant outcome in employed and nonemployed mother families may be appropriate.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/27040/1/0000028.pd

The value of children to parents in the United States

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43479/1/11111_2004_Article_BF01277597.pd

THE PROFESSIONAL WOMAN AS MOTHER

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71822/1/j.1749-6632.1973.tb30846.x.pd

Cross-National Value of Children Study: United States Sample, 1975

The purpose of this study was to explore the motivational factors that lie behind the desire for children. In particular, the needs that children satisfy, as well as the costs, both emotional and financial, were assessed and analyzed. The Value and Costs of Children to Parents data set is a subset of data from the Cross-National Value of Children Study, a cooperative research project conducted in 1975 involving investigators from eight countries: Indonesia, Singapore, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, the Philippines, Turkey, and the United States. Investigators of the Cross-National Value of Children Study were concerned primarily with the psychological satisfactions that children are perceived as providing for their parents, and the relationship between these and fertility attitudes and behavior. The goal of the study was to understand better what needs children are perceived as satisfying, how the availability of alternative sources of satisfaction affect these views, and how the particular needs translate to the number of children desired. The Murray Research Archive holds numeric file data from the United States sample, consisting of 1,569 women and 456 of their husbands

Fear of Success in Undergraduates: A Replication of Horner's Work, 1971

These data were collected in part to replicate Horner's original study of fear of success in college students conducted in 1965 (Log# 00075). The major purposes of the study were (1) to investigate what aspects of the anticipation of success produce anxiety in women, and (2) to see whether during the six years between the gathering of Horner's and Hoffman's data, there had been a change in achievement orientations, particularly in the motive to avoid success. The participants, 144 female and 101 male undergraduates, were recruited from introductory psychology courses offered in the fall of 1971 at a large midwestern university. Questionnaires were administered to the participants in two separate evening sessions. The instruments included six projective story cues, a test to measure achievement anxiety, some sentence completions, and a forced-choice questionnaire designed to examine attitudes about sex roles and women's achievements. The questionnaire also included items on background, career, and marriage expectations. The Murray Research Archive has numeric file data, all original record paper data from the study, as well as a microfiche version of the original record paper data

Michigan Follow-Up of Horner's 1965 Study: Sex Differences in College Students in Achievement Motivation and Performance, 1974

This study was a follow-up of the participants in the original study of fear of success conducted by Horner in 1965 (Log# 00075). Specifically, Hoffman examined whether fear of success and need for achievement scores changed over time in this sample, and also the degree to which the original 1965 fear of success scores predicted subsequent behavior--such as marriage, motherhood, career, and pursuit of further education. In 1974 questionnaires were mailed to all 177 original participants (89 women and 88 men, most of whom were freshmen in 1965); a total of 72 men and 86 women returned completed questionnaires. The questionnaire contained both open-ended and precoded questions about life events since 1965, including demographic information, education and work histories, family background, and family status. Participants also answered questions about their attitudes toward work, marriage, childbearing, sex roles, and the external events which they felt had affected their attitudes. Also included in the questionnaire packet were six projective story cues. The Murray Research Archive holds numeric data files, and original record paper data from this study. The Murray Archive also holds data from a 1980 follow-up study of these participants (see Foltz, 00615)

Some Effects Of The Employment Of Mothers On Family Structure.

PhDFamilies & family lifePersonal relationshipsSociologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/182055/2/5803675.pd