Comment: WYSIATI and False Confessions

Decades after the Supreme Court mandated in Miranda v. Arizona that police advise suspects of their constitutional rights before custodial interrogation, confusion remains about the contours of the rule, and some law enforcement officers still try to game the system. In his excellent Note, “No Earlier Confession to Repeat”: Seibert, Dixon, and Question-First Interrogations, Lee Brett presents a careful analysis of the legal landscape applicable to so-called question-first interrogations. Mr. Brett offers a compelling argument urging courts not to interpret Bobby v. Dixon as limiting the application of Missouri v. Seibert to two-step (i.e., question-first) interrogations only when there’s an “earlier confession to repeat.” I’m a little biased about this topic: I was one of the lawyers representing Bobby Johnson in petitioning the United States Supreme Court to review his case, which was the backdrop for Mr. Brett’s Note. Mr. Brett has done such an outstanding job that there’s not much left for me to say about those legal issues. So, I’d like to use this opportunity to explore false confessions and how the field of behavioral economics—specifically, the phenomenon that psychologist Daniel Kahneman dubs WYSIATI (What You See Is All There Is)—can help explain false confessions and the convictions they produce

An NF-κB and Slug Regulatory Loop Active in Early Vertebrate Mesoderm

BACKGROUND: In both Drosophila and the mouse, the zinc finger transcription factor Snail is required for mesoderm formation; its vertebrate paralog Slug (Snai2) appears to be required for neural crest formation in the chick and the clawed frog Xenopus laevis. Both Slug and Snail act to induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and to suppress apoptosis. METHODOLOGY & PRINCIPLE FINDINGS: Morpholino-based loss of function studies indicate that Slug is required for the normal expression of both mesodermal and neural crest markers in X. laevis. Both phenotypes are rescued by injection of RNA encoding the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL; Bcl-xL's effects are dependent upon IκB kinase-mediated activation of the bipartite transcription factor NF-κB. NF-κB, in turn, directly up-regulates levels of Slug and Snail RNAs. Slug indirectly up-regulates levels of RNAs encoding the NF-κB subunit proteins RelA, Rel2, and Rel3, and directly down-regulates levels of the pro-apopotic Caspase-9 RNA. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: These studies reveal a Slug/Snail–NF-κB regulatory circuit, analogous to that present in the early Drosophila embryo, active during mesodermal formation in Xenopus. This is a regulatory interaction of significance both in development and in the course of inflammatory and metastatic disease

Long-Term Outcomes with Subcutaneous C1-Inhibitor Replacement Therapy for Prevention of Hereditary Angioedema Attacks

Background For the prevention of attacks of hereditary angioedema (HAE), the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous human C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH[SC]; HAEGARDA, CSL Behring) was established in the 16-week Clinical Study for Optimal Management of Preventing Angioedema with Low-Volume Subcutaneous C1-Inhibitor Replacement Therapy (COMPACT). Objective To assess the long-term safety, occurrence of angioedema attacks, and use of rescue medication with C1-INH(SC). Methods Open-label, randomized, parallel-arm extension of COMPACT across 11 countries. Patients with frequent angioedema attacks, either study treatment-naive or who had completed COMPACT, were randomly assigned (1:1) to 40 IU/kg or 60 IU/kg C1-INH(SC) twice per week, with conditional uptitration to optimize prophylaxis (ClinicalTrials.gov registration no. NCT02316353). Results A total of 126 patients with a monthly attack rate of 4.3 in 3 months before entry in COMPACT were enrolled and treated for a mean of 1.5 years; 44 patients (34.9%) had more than 2 years of exposure. Mean steady-state C1-INH functional activity increased to 66.6% with 60 IU/kg. Incidence of adverse events was low and similar in both dose groups (11.3 and 8.5 events per patient-year for 40 IU/kg and 60 IU/kg, respectively). For 40 IU/kg and 60 IU/kg, median annualized attack rates were 1.3 and 1.0, respectively, and median rescue medication use was 0.2 and 0.0 times per year, respectively. Of 23 patients receiving 60 IU/kg for more than 2 years, 19 (83%) were attack-free during months 25 to 30 of treatment. Conclusions In patients with frequent HAE attacks, long-term replacement therapy with C1-INH(SC) is safe and exhibits a substantial and sustained prophylactic effect, with the vast majority of patients becoming free from debilitating disease symptoms

Umweltfreundliche Moebel - Gestaltung, Herstellung und Vertrieb. 1. Entwicklung eines umweltfreundlichen Lackierverfahrens, 2. Einfuehren eines Umweltcontrolling-Systems Schlussbericht

SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F02B214 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie, Bonn (Germany)DEGerman

Errichtung und Einrichtung eines dezentralen Netzes von Besucherinformationszentren im Naturpark Thueringer Wald

In cooperation with: Land Thueringen, Landkreise-, Staedte und Gemeinden-, Vereine und Verbaende-, Dienstleister- und Betriebe im Naturpark Thueringer WaldAvailable from TIB Hannover: F02B1857 / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekSIGLEDeutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt, Osnabrueck (Germany)DEGerman

Acetyl-1 1-keto-fl-boswellic acid (AKBA): structure requirements for binding and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory activity

1 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) products from endogenous arachidonic acid in ionophore-stimulated peritoneal polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and from exogenous substrate (20 gM) in 105,000 g supernatants were measured. 2 The effects of natural pentacyclic triterpenes and their derivatives on 5-LOX activity were compared with the inhibitory action of acetyl-l -keto-p-boswellic acid (AKBA), which has been previously shown to inhibit the 5-LOX by a selective, enzyme-directed, non-redox and non-competitive mechanism. 3 The 5-LOX inhibitory potency of AKBA was only slightly diminished by deacetylation of the acetoxy group or reduction of the carboxyl function to alcohol in intact cells (ICs = 1.5 vs. 3 and 4.5 pM, respectively) and in the cell-free system (8 vs. 20 and 45 gM). 5 fl-Boswellic acid (f-BA), lacking the 1 1-keto function, inhibited 5-LOX only partially and incompletely, whereas the corresponding alcohol from fl-BA, as well as amyrin, acetyl-ll-keto-amyrin, 1 l-keto-f-boswellic acid methyl ester had no 5-LOX inhibitory activity up to 50 pM in either system. 5 fl-BA only partially prevented the AKBA-induced 5-LOX inhibition, whereas the non-inhibitory compounds, amyrin and acetyl-1 l-keto-amyrin, almost totally antagonized the AKBA effect and shifted the concentration-inhibition curve for the incomplete inhibitor fl-BA to the right. In contrast, the noninhibitory 1 1-keto-fl-BA methyl ester exerted no antagonizing effect. 6 The results demonstrate that the pentacyclic triterpene ring system is crucial for binding to the highly selective effector site, whereas functional groups (especially the 11 -keto function in addition to a hydrophilic group on C4 of ring A) are essential for 5-LOX inhibitory activity

Modern trends in aircraft structural design

SIGLECopy held by FIZ Karlsruhe; available from UB/TIB Hannover / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekDEGerman