Exploiting the directional sensitivity of the Double Chooz near detector

In scintillator detectors, the forward displacement of the neutron in the reaction $\bar\nu_e+p\to e^++n$ provides neutrino directional information as demonstrated by the CHOOZ reactor experiment with 2,500 events. The near detector of the forthcoming Double Chooz experiment will collect $1.6\times10^5$ events per year, enough to determine the average neutrino direction with a $1 \sigma$ half-cone aperture of $2.3^\circ$ in one year. It is more difficult to separate the two Chooz reactors that are viewed at a separation angle $\phi=30^\circ$. If their strengths are known and approximately equal, the azimuthal location of each reactor is obtained with $\pm6^\circ$ ($1 \sigma$) and the probability of confusing them with a single source is less than 11%. Five year's data reduce this ``confusion probability'' to less than 0.3%, i.e., a $3 \sigma$ separation is possible. All of these numbers improve rapidly with increasing angular separation of the sources. For a setup with $\phi=90^\circ$ and one year's data, the azimuthal $1 \sigma$ uncertainty for each source decreases to $\pm3.2^\circ$. Of course, for Double Chooz the two reactor locations are known, allowing one instead to measure their individual one-year integrated power output to $\pm11$ ($1 \sigma$), and their five-year integrated output to $\pm4.8$ ($1 \sigma$).Comment: 7 pages, 10 figure

Untersuchung der Krustenstruktur des Manihiki Plateaus im Rahmen der Expedition SO-224

Das Manihiki Plateau ist ein untermeerisches Lavaplateau, eine sogenannte „Large Igneous Province“ (LIP), im zentralen Westpazifik (Abb. 1). Es ent-stand in der frühen Kreide (ca. 125 Ma) wahrscheinlich als ein Teilstück der „Super-LIP“ Ontong Java Nui (Chandler et al., 2013; 2012; Taylor, 2006). Dieses vulkanische Plateau bestand neben dem Manihiki Plateau aus dem Ontong Java Plateau und dem Hikurangi Plateau (Abb.1), sowie weiteren Teilstücken, die mittlerweile subduziert wurden (Larson et al., 2002; Viso et al., 2005). Man geht davon aus, dass Ontong Java Nui ungefähr 1% der Erd-oberfläche bedeckte. Eine vulkanische Provinz entsteht meist durch eine massive erste vulkanische Phase, gefolgt von mehreren kürzeren vulkani-schen Phasen (Coffin and Eldholm, 1994). Ontong Java Nui brach zwischen diesen zwei plateaubildenden Phasen auseinander (Hoernle et al., 2010; Timm et al., 2011), und die Teilplateaus durchliefen jeweils eine individuelle tektonische und petrologische Entwicklung. Während der Expedition SO-224 im Jahr 2012 wurden zwei refraktions- und weitwinkelreflexionsseismische Profile aufgenommen (Fig. 1). Hierzu wurden jeweils 33 Ozeanbodenseismometer ausgebracht. Diese Daten erlauben uns einen Einblick in die Struktur der Kruste und oberen Mantels des Manihiki Pla-teaus. Somit können die Hypothesen über die gemeinsame Entstehung des Manihiki Plateaus mit dem Ontong Java Plateau und dem Hikurangi Plateau überprüft werden. Ebenso ist es möglich, die Struktur der zwei größten Un-terprovinzen des Manihiki Plateaus, das High Plateau und die Western Plateaus, zu vergleichen. Bei der Modellierung der Krustenstruktur der beiden Unterprovinzen traten einige Gemeinsamkeiten, aber auch erstaunliche Unterschiede zu Tage (Abb. 2). Generell besteht eine LIP aus einer unteren Kruste, die sehr hohe P-Wellengeschwindigkeiten (7.1 bis 7.7 km/s) aufweist. Diese Schicht ist in bei-den Teilprovinzen vorhanden. Die Krustenmächtigkeit variiert zwischen 9 und 17 km an den Western Plateaus (Abb. 2a) und beträgt konstant 20 km am High Plateau (Abb. 2b). Die Struktur der oberen Kruste weist große Unter-schiede zwischen den verschiedenen Teilprovinzen auf. Das High Plateau ist durch basaltische Flussstrukturen geprägt. Zahlreiche intrusive und extrusive vulkanische Strukturen, wie beispielsweise Tiefseeberge sind hier belegt (Abb. 1 und 2b). Dies deutet auf eine massive vulkanische Aktivität während späte-rer vulkanischer Phasen hin. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigen die Western Pla-teaus nur einen sehr lokalen und geringen Vulkanismus. Mehrere Horst- und Grabensysteme sowie Sedimentbecken können dort identifiziert werden (Abb. 2a). Dieses deutet auf eine starke tektonische Deformation der Western Pla-teaus hin. Auch der graduelle Anstieg der Kruste-Mantelgrenze weist auf eine gedehnte Kruste hin (Abb. 2a). Somit zeigen die beiden Unterprovinzen des Manihiki Plateaus eine unterschiedliche Entwicklung nach ihrer gemeinsamen Entstehung als eines Teils von Ontong Java Nui. Das High Plateau wurde nur an seinen Rändern tektonisch beansprucht und durchlief weitere Phasen exzessiver vulkanischer Aktivität. Die Western Pla-teaus wurden wahrscheinlich starken Dehnungskräften im Zusammenhang mit dem Abbruch des Ontong Java Plateaus ausgesetzt. Somit liegt hier eine Dehnung der vorher entstandenen LIP-Kruste und geringer Vulkanismus vor. Diese Erkenntnisse können uns genaueren Aufschluss darüber geben, welche Prozesse den Aufbruch der „Super-LIP“ Ontong Java Nui begünstigt haben und stellen wichtige Rahmenbedingungen für eine plattentektonische Rekon-struktion des zentralen Westpazifiks in der Kreide dar. Durch eine Kartierung der Ränder und Beschaffenheit der Kruste der verschiedenen Teilplateaus Ontong Java Nuis können die ursprüngliche Positionierung der verschiedenen Plateaus zueinander rekonstruiert werden. Dies bildet die Grundlage einer er-folgreichen plattenkinematischen Rekonstruktion

Playing jigsaw with large igneous provinces - a plate-tectonic reconstruction of Omtong Java Nui

Ontong Java Nui is a Cretaceous large igneous province (LIP), which was rifted apart into various smaller plateaus shortly after its emplacement around 125 Ma in the central Pacific. It incorporated the Ontong Java Plateau, the Hikurangi Plateau and the Manihiki Plateau as well as multiple smaller fragments, which have been subducted. Its size has been estimated to be approximately 0.8% of the Earth’s surface. A volcanic edifice of this size has potentially had a great impact on the environment such as its CO2 release. The break-up of the “Super”-LIP is poorly constrained, because the break-up and subsequent seafloor spreading occurred within the Cretaceous Quiet Period. The Manihiki Plateau is presumably the centerpiece of this “Super”-LIP and shows by its margins and internal fragmentation that its tectonic and volcanic activity is related to the break-up of Ontong Java Nui. By incorporating two new seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection lines across two of the main sub-plateaus of the Manihiki Plateau, we can classify the break-up modes of the individual margins of the Manihiki Plateau. The Western Plateaus experienced crustal stretching due to the westward motion of the Ontong Java Plateau. The High Plateau shows sharp strike-slip movements at its eastern boundary towards an earlier part of Ontong Java Nui, which is has been subducted, and a rifted margin with a strong volcanic overprint at its southern edges towards the Hikurangi Plateau. These observations allow us a re-examination of the conjugate margins of the Hikurangi Plateau and the Ontong Java Plateau. The repositioning of the different plateaus leads to the conclusion that Ontong Java Nui was larger (~1.2% of the Earth’s surface at emplacement) than previously anticipated. We use these finding to improve the plate tectonic reconstruction of the Cretaceous Pacific and to illuminate the role of the LIPs within the plate tectonic circuit in the western and central Pacific

Ethylene signalling affects susceptibility of tomatoes to Salmonella

Fresh fruits and vegetables are increasingly recognized as important reservoirs of human pathogens, and therefore, significant attention has been directed recently to understanding mechanisms of the interactions between plants and enterics, like Salmonella. A screen of tomato cultivars for their susceptibility to Salmonella revealed significant differences in the ability of this human pathogen to multiply within fruits; expression of the Salmonella genes (cysB, agfB, fadH) involved in the interactions with tomatoes depended on the tomato genotype and maturity stage. Proliferation of Salmonella was strongly reduced in the tomato mutants with defects in ethylene synthesis, perception and signal transduction. While mutation in the ripening-related ethylene receptor Nr resulted only in a modest reduction in Salmonella numbers within tomatoes, strong inhibition of the Salmonella proliferation was observed in rin and nor tomato mutants. RIN and NOR are regulators of ethylene synthesis and ripening. A commercial tomato variety heterozygous for rin was less susceptible to Salmonella under the greenhouse conditions but not when tested in the field over three production seasons

Tectono‐Stratigraphic Evolution of the Kerguelen Large Igneous Province: The Conjugate William’s Ridge‐Broken Ridge Rifted Margins

AbstractExtensive investigation of continental rift systems has been fundamental for advancing the understanding of extensional tectonics and modes of formation of new ocean basins. However, current rift classification schemes do not account for conjugate end members formed by Large Igneous Province crust, referring to thick mafic crust, sometimes including continental fragments. Here, we investigate the rifting of William's Ridge (Kerguelen Plateau) and Broken Ridge, components of the Kerguelen Large Igneous Province now situated in the Southeast Indian Ocean, and incorporate these end members into the deformation migration concept for rifted margins. We use multichannel seismic reflection profiles and data from scientific drill cores acquired on both conjugate margins to propose, for the first time, a combined tectono‐stratigraphic framework. We interpret seismic patterns, tectonic features, and magnetic anomaly picks to determine an across‐strike structural domain classification. This interpretation considers the rift system overall to be “magma‐poor” despite being located proximal to the Kerguelen plume but suggests that syn‐rift interaction between the Kerguelen mantle plume and the lithospheric structure of William's Ridge and Broken Ridge has controlled the along‐strike segmentation of both conjugates. We integrate seismic reflection and bathymetric data to test the hypothesis of predominantly transform motion, between the Australian and Antarctic plates, in Late Cretaceous and Paleogene time.</jats:p

Reactor Neutrino Experiments with a Large Liquid Scintillator Detector

We discuss several new ideas for reactor neutrino oscillation experiments with a Large Liquid Scintillator Detector. We consider two different scenarios for a measurement of the small mixing angle $\theta_{13}$ with a mobile $\bar{\nu}_e$ source: a nuclear-powered ship, such as a submarine or an icebreaker, and a land-based scenario with a mobile reactor. The former setup can achieve a sensitivity to $\sin^2 2\theta_{13} \lesssim 0.003$ at the 90% confidence level, while the latter performs only slightly better than Double Chooz. Furthermore, we study the precision that can be achieved for the solar parameters, $\sin^2 2\theta_{12}$ and $\Delta m_{21}^2$, with a mobile reactor and with a conventional power station. With the mobile reactor, a precision slightly better than from current global fit data is possible, while with a power reactor, the accuracy can be reduced to less than 1%. Such a precision is crucial for testing theoretical models, e.g. quark-lepton complementarity.Comment: 18 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables, revised version, to appear in JHEP, Fig. 1 extended, Formula added, minor changes, results unchange

Imaging the Earth's Interior: the Angular Distribution of Terrestrial Neutrinos

Decays of radionuclides throughout the Earth's interior produce geothermal heat, but also are a source of antineutrinos. The (angle-integrated) geoneutrino flux places an integral constraint on the terrestrial radionuclide distribution. In this paper, we calculate the angular distribution of geoneutrinos, which opens a window on the differential radionuclide distribution. We develop the general formalism for the neutrino angular distribution, and we present the inverse transformation which recovers the terrestrial radioisotope distribution given a measurement of the neutrino angular distribution. Thus, geoneutrinos not only allow a means to image the Earth's interior, but offering a direct measure of the radioactive Earth, both (1) revealing the Earth's inner structure as probed by radionuclides, and (2) allowing for a complete determination of the radioactive heat generation as a function of radius. We present the geoneutrino angular distribution for the favored Earth model which has been used to calculate geoneutrino flux. In this model the neutrino generation is dominated by decays in the Earth's mantle and crust; this leads to a very ``peripheral'' angular distribution, in which 2/3 of the neutrinos come from angles > 60 degrees away from the downward vertical. We note the possibility of that the Earth's core contains potassium; different geophysical predictions lead to strongly varying, and hence distinguishable, central intensities (< 30 degrees from the downward vertical). Other uncertainties in the models, and prospects for observation of the geoneutrino angular distribution, are briefly discussed. We conclude by urging the development and construction of antineutrino experiments with angular sensitivity. (Abstract abridged.)Comment: 25 pages, RevTeX, 7 figures. Comments welcom

Mimicking diffuse supernova antineutrinos with the Sun as a source

Measuring the electron antineutrino component of the cosmic diffuse supernova neutrino background (DSNB) is the next ambitious goal for low-energy neutrino astronomy. The largest flux is expected in the lowest accessible energy bin. However, for E < 15 MeV a possible signal can be mimicked by a solar electron antineutrino flux that originates from the usual 8B neutrinos by spin-flavor oscillations. We show that such an interpretation is possible within the allowed range of neutrino electromagnetic transition moments and solar turbulent field strengths and distributions. Therefore, an unambiguous detection of the DSNB requires a significant number of events at E > 15 MeV.Comment: 4 pages, 1 figur

Detection potential for the diffuse supernova neutrino background in the large liquid-scintillator detector LENA

The large-volume liquid-scintillator detector LENA (Low Energy Neutrino Astronomy) will provide high-grade background discrimination and enable the detection of diffuse supernova neutrinos (DSN) in an almost background-free energy window from ~10 to 25 MeV. Within ten years of exposure, it will be possible to derive significant constraints on both core-collapse supernova models and the supernova rate in the near universe up to redshifts z<2.Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures. accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. D. accepted for publication in Phys. Rev.

The see-saw mechanism: neutrino mixing, leptogenesis and lepton flavor violation

The see-saw mechanism to generate small neutrino masses is reviewed. After summarizing our current knowledge about the low energy neutrino mass matrix we consider reconstructing the see-saw mechanism. Low energy neutrino physics is not sufficient to reconstruct see-saw, a feature which we refer to as ``see-saw degeneracy''. Indirect tests of see-saw are leptogenesis and lepton flavor violation in supersymmetric scenarios, which together with neutrino mass and mixing define the framework of see-saw phenomenology. Several examples are given, both phenomenological and GUT-related. Variants of the see-saw mechanism like the type II or triplet see-saw are also discussed. In particular, we compare many general aspects regarding the dependence of LFV on low energy neutrino parameters in the extreme cases of a dominating conventional see-saw term or a dominating triplet term. For instance, the absence of mu -> e gamma or tau -> e gamma in the pure triplet case means that CP is conserved in neutrino oscillations. Scanning models, we also find that among the decays mu -> e gamma, tau -> e gamma and tau -> mu gamma the latter one has the largest branching ratio in (i) SO(10) type I see-saw models and in (ii) scenarios in which the triplet term dominates in the neutrino mass matrix.Comment: 26 pages, 7 figures. Expanded version of talk given at 10th Workshop In High Energy Physics Phenomenology (WHEPP 10), January 2008, Chennai, India. Typos corrected, comments and references adde