Universality classes in folding times of proteins

Molecular dynamics simulations in simplified models allow one to study the scaling properties of folding times for many proteins together under a controlled setting. We consider three variants of the Go models with different contact potentials and demonstrate scaling described by power laws and no correlation with the relative contact order parameter. We demonstrate existence of at least three kinetic universality classes which are correlated with the types of structure: the alpha-, alpha--beta-, and beta- proteins have the scaling exponents of about 1.7, 2.5, and 3.2 respectively. The three classes merge into one when the contact range is truncated at a 'reasonable' value. We elucidate the role of the potential associated with the chirality of a protein.Comment: 22 pages, 21 figures, to appear in Biophys

Protein folding and models of dynamics on the lattice

We study folding in 16-monomer heteropolymers on the square lattice. For a given sequence, thermodynamic properties and stability of the native state are unique. However, the kinetics of folding depends on the model of dynamics adopted for the time evolution of the system. We consider three such models: Rouse-like dynamics with either single monomer moves or with single and double monomer moves, and the 'slithering snake' dynamics. Usually, the snake dynamics has poorer folding properties compared to the Rouse-like dynamics, but examples of opposite behavior can also be found. This behavior relates to which conformations act as local energy minima when their stability is checked against the moves of a particular dynamics. A characteristic temperature related to the combined probability, $P_L$, to stay in the non-native minima during folding coincides with the temperature of the fastest folding. Studies of $P_L$ yield an easy numerical way to determine conditions of the optimal folding.Comment: REVTeX, 5 pages, 6 EPS figures, to appear in J. Chem. Phy

Vietnam: Exploring The Vietnamese Corporate Bond

In the meantime, critically needed is a comprehensive regulatory framework that enables not only state-owned but also non-state enterprises to be able to issue a wide range of bonds legitimately. This move will certainly pave the way towards a functional corporate bond market and open up the funding channel for enterprises via bond issues