THE EXTRACURRICULAR CLASSES ORGANIZED THROUGH VOLUNTARY WORKS IN THE MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS FOR THE MEDIA STUDENT

The author of the present paper studies the scale and the outcomes of organizing the extracurricular classes through voluntary works in the mountain areas by evaluating the survey of participants' notion. This paper has 3 important categories: this article takes the reasons of choosing Vietnam's mountainous regions are in accord with voluntary activities into consideration, indicating the tasks and the process of carrying out extracurricular classes for students at faculty of the Multimedia Communication in Thang Long University. This paper aims to display an extracurricular learning model which is possible to carry out regularly for students in journalism and media in general. The purposes of this research do not only benefit the students but also the professor, lecturer and the whole educator because the significance of this work is that: the first is to engage students in their majors then helps them to apply their learned skills in practice, as well as contributes to renewing the traditional education at Vietnamese Universities

Fabrication of highly ordered P3HT:PCBM nanostructures and its application as a supercapacitive electrode

10.1039/c2nr30486dNanoscale4123725-372

Indian hedgehog regulates intestinal stem cell fate through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during development

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are regulated by the mesenchymal environment via physical interaction and diffusible factors. We examined the role of Indian hedgehog (Ihh) in mesenchymal organization and the mechanisms by which perturbations in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions affect ISC fate. METHODS: We generated mice with intestinal epithelial-specific disruption of Ihh. Gross and microscopic anatomical changes were determined using histologic, immunohistochemical, and in situ hybridization analyses. Molecular mechanisms were elucidated by expression profiling and in vitro analyses. RESULTS: Deletion of intestinal epithelial Ihh disrupted the intestinal mesenchymal architecture, demonstrated by loss of the muscularis mucosae, deterioration of the extracellular matrix, and reductions in numbers of crypt myofibroblasts. Concurrently, the epithelial compartment had increased Wnt signaling, disturbed crypt polarity and architecture, defective enterocyte differentiation, and increased and ectopic proliferation that was accompanied by increased numbers of ISCs. Mechanistic studies revealed that Hh inhibition deregulates bone morphogenetic protein signaling, increases matrix metalloproteinase levels, and disrupts extracellular matrix proteins, fostering a proliferative environment for ISCs and progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS: Ihh regulates ISC self-renewal and differentiation. Intestinal epithelial Ihh signals to the mesenchymal compartment to regulate formation and proliferation of mesenchymal cells, which in turn affect epithelial proliferation and differentiation. These findings provide a basis for analyses of the role of the muscularis mucosae in ISC regulation.