Impact of Meteorological Parameters and Gaseous Pollutants on PM2.5 and PM10Mass Concentrations during 2010 in Xi’an, China

Mass concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 from the six urban/rural sampling sites of Xi&rsquo;an were obtained during two weeks of every month corresponding to January, April, July and October during 2010, together with the six meteorological parameters and the data of two precursors. The result showed that the average annual mass concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were 140.9 &plusmn; 108.9 &micro;g m&ndash;3 and 257.8 &plusmn; 194.7 &micro;g m&ndash;3, respectively. Basin terrain constrains the diffusion of PM2.5 and PM10 concentration spatially. High concentrations in wintertime and low concentrations in summertime are due to seasonal variations of meteorological parameters and cyclic changes of precursors (SO2 and NO2). Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) analysis indicates that relative humidity is the main factor influencing on meteorological parameter. Entry MLR analysis suggests that SO2 from local coal-burning power plants is still the primary pollutant. Trajectory cluster results of PM2.5 at BRR indicate that the entrained urban pollutants carried by the westerly or winter monsoon forms the dominant regional pollution sources in winter and spring. Ultraviolet (UV) aerosol index verified the source and pathway of dust storm in spring.</p

Assessing the Demand for Annuities in an Undeveloped Market: Evidence from Hong Kong

How to design an attractive annuity for an undeveloped market and how to assess thepotential demand for such a product? We first conduct a discrete choice experimentamong participants of a large-scale occupational defined contribution pension scheme inHong Kong to identify desired product characteristics of an annuity. The preferred annuityis sold by an A-rated insurance company, provides nominal annuity payouts and a 10-yearperiod-certain guarantee. Using a second survey, we then analyze the demand for thepreferred annuity. Close to one third of respondents chooses to annuitize, a fraction thatconsiderably exceeds observed annuitization rates in developed markets. Regardinghousehold characteristics, we find that annuity demand decreases with general financialliteracy but increases with specific knowledge about the annuity product. Remarkably, aself-reported bequest motive increases the demand for an annuity providing a 10-yearperiod-certain guarante