HOW DO LEARNERS RESPOND TO CBL MATERIAL BASED ON MODALITY LEARNING STYLE?

This is a report of case study exploring the reaction of learners to CBL material which has been purposely develop suited with learners based on VARK learning styles. It discusses the strengths and weaknesses of CBL and the concept of learning style. Courseware demonstrating the use of images and video clips within the presentation software PowerPoint was created with four different routes to appeal to learners with visual, aural, reading and kinaesthetic (VARK) preferences. This was trialled with 30 student teachers for whom the material was deemed appropriate in level and context. It was found that VARK preferences could not be reliably identified and that providing different routes only appeared to have a marginal impact on learners’ comfort with the material and no appreciable impact on measurable learning outcomes. Instead more traditional design concerns such as structure, navigation as well as clarity of sound and images appeared as more important to participants in the trials in a series of semi structured interviews. However, interest in VARK is valuable if it focuses the designer on using a mix of media in courseware and if it provokes discussion of the properties of different media

Epidemiology of stone disease across the world

Abstract Nephrolithiasis is a highly prevalent disease worldwide with rates ranging from 7 to 13% in North America, 5-9% in Europe, and 1-5% in Asia. Due to high rates of new and recurrent stones, management of stones is expensive and the disease has a high level of acute and chronic morbidity. The goal of this study is to review the epidemiology of stone disease in order to improve patient care. A review of the literature was conducted through a search on Pubmed®, Medline®, and Google Scholar®. This review was presented and peer-reviewed at the 3rd International Consultation on Stone Disease during the 2014 Société Internationale d\u27Urologie Congress in Glasgow. It represents an update of the 2008 consensus document based on expert opinion of the most relevant studies. There has been a rising incidence in stone disease throughout the world with a narrowing of the gender gap. Increased stone prevalence has been attributed to population growth and increases in obesity and diabetes. General dietary recommendations of increased fluid, decreased salt, and moderate intake of protein have not changed. However, specific recommended values have either changed or are more frequently reported. Geography and environment influenced the likelihood of stone disease and more information is needed regarding stone disease in a large portion of the world including Asia and Africa. Randomized controlled studies are lacking but are necessary to improve recommendations regarding diet and fluid intake. Understanding the impact of associated conditions that are rapidly increasing will improve the prevention of stone disease