Environmental harm and environmental victims: scoping out a ‘green victimology'

In this paper I intend to discuss the adaptability of victimological study to the question of ‘environmental victimisation’. The impact on those affected by environment crime, or other environmentally damaging activities, is one that has received scarce attention in the mainstream victimological literature (see Williams, 1996). The role or position of such victims in criminal justice and/or other processes has likewise rarely been topic of academic debate. I have recently expanded upon various aspects of this subject and surrounding issues at greater length (Hall, 2013) but for the purposes of this article I wish to expand specifically on what a so-called ‘green victimology’ might look like, together with some of the particular questions and challenges it will face

Hydrogen vibrational population distributions and negative ion generation in tandem high density hydrogen discharges

The tandem high-density hydrogen negative-ion-source system is optimized to identify the largest possible ion concentrations and extracted ion currents. The optimization includes varying the length of the second chamber, varying neutral gas and electron densities, and varying the ratio of atomic to molecular density. Vibrational excitation occurs via high-energy electron excitation (E-V process) and H/sub 2//sup +/ surface neutralization (s-V process). These processes are considered separately and acting in parallel. The solutions are presented in terms of a dimensional scale factor, R. For a system scale length R = 1 cm, optimum extracted current densities are in the range 50 to 100 mA cm/sup -2/. A single-chamber s-V system with the high-energy electron component suppressed can provide larger ion concentrations than a tandem E-V, s-V system. 14 references, 4 figures