Lesson Study Manual for Teacher Educators International Edition

1. 授業研究への誘い －本マニュアルの構成と見方 － … 1 2. なぜ教師教育者に授業研究が必要なのか … 3 3. 授業研究の手順 … 5 　ステップ1　授業研究の組織を作る … 5 　ステップ2　事前協議会を行う … 7 　ステップ3　研究授業を実施し，観察する … 11 　ステップ4　事後協議会を行う … 15 　ステップ5　自分の授業を見直し，改善していく … 19 　ステップ6　授業研究の仲間を増やし，拡げる … 20 ４．おわりに … 22 ５．よくあるＱ＆Ａ … 23 執筆者・翻訳者一覧 … 2

Signal transduction of vitamin K3 for pancreas cancer therapy

We characterized molecular mechanisms of vitamin K3 (VK3)-induced inhibition of proliferation to evaluate VK3 effectiveness in treating advanced pancreatic cancer. A novel endoscopic drug delivery system, ultrasound injection technique, was used to study local effects of VK3. VK3 inhibited pancreas cancer cell growth by rapid phosphorylation of growth factor receptor and cellular signal factors such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase. VK3 also activated apoptosis, and apoptosis inhibitor antagonized the apoptosis pathway without inhibiting cell growth. Thiol antioxidant treatment completely abrogated VK3-induced ERK but not JNK phosphorylation or inhibition of proliferation. Non-thiol antioxidant did not affect ERK phosphorylation or growth inhibitory actions. Arylation was considered the main mechanism of VK3-induced growth inhibition through ERK activation. VK3 may lead to favorable outcomes in the treatment of pancreatic tumors. Detection of ERK phosphorylation in tissue is important to predict VK3 effect. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle injection may be beneficial for treating pancreatic cancer with VK3