Resident Questionnaire Analysis on Disaster Preparedness Awareness for Strategic Resilience Using the Resilience Analysis and Assessment Grid the RAG

The purpose of this research is to understand the urban characteristics of Tama New Town and develop a disaster-resistant community that aligns with those characteristics. This paper reports on the implementation of a “resident questionnaire on disaster prevention consciousness” among residents around Tama University, based on the Resilience Assessment Grid (RAG) concept used in Resilience Engineering. The RAG defines the four capabilities of a resilient organization as “Resilient Local residents = Anticipating + Watch over (Monitoring) + Preparation (Responding) + Learning.” We quantified the resilience potential of the community and found that Preparation (Responding) scored lower than the other items. Our findings can inform the design and management of a disaster-resistant community that is better prepared to anticipate, monitor, respond to, and learn from disasters

Global network structure of dominance hierarchy of ant workers

Dominance hierarchy among animals is widespread in various species and believed to serve to regulate resource allocation within an animal group. Unlike small groups, however, detection and quantification of linear hierarchy in large groups of animals are a difficult task. Here, we analyse aggression-based dominance hierarchies formed by worker ants in Diacamma sp. as large directed networks. We show that the observed dominance networks are perfect or approximate directed acyclic graphs, which are consistent with perfect linear hierarchy. The observed networks are also sparse and random but significantly different from networks generated through thinning of the perfect linear tournament (i.e., all individuals are linearly ranked and dominance relationship exists between every pair of individuals). These results pertain to global structure of the networks, which contrasts with the previous studies inspecting frequencies of different types of triads. In addition, the distribution of the out-degree (i.e., number of workers that the focal worker attacks), not in-degree (i.e., number of workers that attack the focal worker), of each observed network is right-skewed. Those having excessively large out-degrees are located near the top, but not the top, of the hierarchy. We also discuss evolutionary implications of the discovered properties of dominance networks.Comment: 5 figures, 2 tables, 4 supplementary figures, 2 supplementary table

Raman frequencies of graphitic carbon in Antarctic ureilites

Raman frequencies for the in-plane lattice vibration of graphite were surveyed for four Antarctic ureilites in order to construct a paradigm for structural properties of graphitic carbon in ureilites. Raman spectra were obtained by point-by-point measurements using a laser microbeam 1μm in diameter. The measured results formed an array in a two-dimensional plot between the E_ frequency and intensity ratio of two graphite-derived Raman bands. The graphitic matter in ALH-78019 gave the averaged E_ frequency at 1582.0 ⊿cm^, which agrees with the well-established wavenumber of the E_ in-plane lattice vibration of graphite. On the contrary, some graphitic matter in the ureilites (ALH-77257,Y-791538 and MET-78008) exhibited considerably up-shifted E_ frequency. Distribution in the array was proved to be closely linked to the extent of shock which the ureilites suffered

Vortex generation in the RSP game on the triangular lattice

A new model of population dynamics on lattices is proposed. The model consists of players on lattice points, each of which plays the RSP game with neighboring players. Each player copies the next hand from the hand of the neighbouring player with the maximum point. The model exhibits a steady pattern with pairs of vortices and sinks on the triangular lattice. It is shown that the stationary vortex is due to the frustrations on the triangular lattice. A frustration is the three-sided situation where each of the three players around a triangle chooses the rock, the scissors and the paper, respectively

Temporal and Spatial Analyses of Spectral Indices of Nonthermal Emissions Derived from Hard X-Rays and Microwaves

We studied electron spectral indices of nonthermal emissions seen in hard X-rays (HXRs) and in microwaves. We analyzed 12 flares observed by the Hard X-ray Telescope aboard {\it Yohkoh}, Nobeyama Radio Polarimeters (NoRP), and the Nobeyama Radioheliograph (NoRH), and compared the spectral indices derived from total fluxes of hard X-rays and microwaves. Except for four events, which have very soft HXR spectra suffering from the thermal component, these flares show a gap $\Delta\delta$ between the electron spectral indices derived from hard X-rays $\delta_{X}$ and those from microwaves $\delta_{\mu}$ ($\Delta\delta = \delta_{X} - \delta_{\mu}$) of about 1.6. Furthermore, from the start to the peak times of the HXR bursts, the time profiles of the HXR spectral index $\delta_{X}$ evolve synchronously with those of the microwave spectral index $\delta_{\mu}$, keeping the constant gap. We also examined the spatially resolved distribution of the microwave spectral index by using NoRH data. The microwave spectral index $\delta_{\mu}$ tends to be larger, which means a softer spectrum, at HXR footpoint sources with stronger magnetic field than that at the loop tops. These results suggest that the electron spectra are bent at around several hundreds of keV, and become harder at the higher energy range that contributes the microwave gyrosynchrotron emission.Comment: 24 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

In-situ micro Raman studies on graphitic carbon in some Antarctic ureilites

The fine structures of graphitic materials contained in four Antarctic ureilites (ALH-77257,ALH-78019,MET-78008 and Y-791538) were investigated using a laser light (514.5nm), which could be focused onto a spot of 1μm in diameter. Raman spectra obtained differ not only among individual ureilite samples, but also among positions within a single carbonaceous vein of the same specimen. Moreover, one can classify the carbon into several groups on the basis of the spectra concerned. For all samples, both well-ordered graphitic carbon and semi-ordered graphitic carbon were observed. Amorphous carbon was detected in ALH-77257 and MET-78008. The difference in structural ordering among the samples is attributed to the difference in distribution of the components of carbonaceous material, indicating minor difference in genetic conditions or in locality within the parent body. Structural heterogeneity of carbon within a single carbonaceous vein implies the occurrence of two (or three) types of carbonaceous matters which have fairly different physicochemical properties and distinct histories. For the genesis of the carbonaceous matter in ureilites, a two-stage model is proposed assuming the graphite crystallization from metallic phase followed by the inflow of semi-ordered graphitic carbon or amorphous carbon into the well-ordered graphitic carbon produced from the metal