ニホン ノ ジビール ノ ヒンシツ トクセイ ト ソノ ヘンセン

我が国の地ビールの一般成分分析を,カテゴリー(上面発酵濃色・淡色,下面発酵濃色・淡色)・醸造期間別(1999-2002年および2008-2010年)に行った。その結果,いずれのカテゴリーのビールにおいても,醸造年度により成分組成(品質)に若干の変動が見られた。近年の地ビールでは,10年ほど前ものと比較して,ビール中のリンゴ酸濃度の低下とクエン酸濃度の増加が認められた。また,ポリフェノール含量が低下していた。さらに,近年その数が増加傾向にあるオリジナル・スタイルビールでは,有機酸と糖質の風味バランスが保たれつつ,両者の濃度が増量されたビールが多かった。小規模醸造によって生産される地ビールに関するこの様な特性を消費者に認識していただき,地ビール業界が今後とも継続的に発展することに期待したい。Componential analysis of Japanese craft beers was carried out in order to investigate the quality characteristics and their transition. The slight variations of the beer quality depending on a brewing year were observed in the beers of all categories. The concentration of the citric acid of the beers brewed from 2008 to 2010 had become higher than that of the beers brewed from 1998 to 2002. As opposed to this, the content of malic acid and polyphenol in the latest beers became lower. Furthermore, some "original style of beers" with the sufficient balance of organic acid and non-fibrous carbohydrates have also appeared in recent years

Mechanical Characterization of One-Headed Myosin-V Using Optical Tweezers

Class V myosin (myosin-V) is a cargo transporter that moves along an actin filament with large (∼36-nm) successive steps. It consists of two heads that each includes a motor domain and a long (23 nm) neck domain. One of the more popular models describing these steps, the hand-over-hand model, assumes the two-headed structure is imperative. However, we previously succeeded in observing successive large steps by one-headed myosin-V upon optimizing the angle of the acto-myosin interaction. In addition, it was reported that wild type myosin-VI and myosin-IX, both one-headed myosins, can also generate successive large steps. Here, we describe the mechanical properties (stepsize and stepping kinetics) of successive large steps by one-headed and two-headed myosin-Vs. This study shows that the stepsize and stepping kinetics of one-headed myosin-V are very similar to those of the two-headed one. However, there was a difference with regards to stability against load and the number of multisteps. One-headed myosin-V also showed unidirectional movement that like two-headed myosin-V required 3.5 kBT from ATP hydrolysis. This value is also similar to that of smooth muscle myosin-II, a non-processive motor, suggesting the myosin family uses a common mechanism for stepping regardless of the steps being processive or non-processive. In this present paper, we conclude that one-headed myosin-V can produce successive large steps without following the hand-over-hand mechanism

Both Intrinsically Disordered Regions and Structural Domains Evolve Rapidly in Immune-Related Mammalian Proteins

Eukaryotic proteins consist of structural domains (SDs) and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), i.e., regions that by themselves do not assume unique three-dimensional structures. IDRs are generally subject to less constraint and evolve more rapidly than SDs. Proteins with a lower number of protein-to-protein interactions (PPIs) are also less constrained and tend to evolve fast. Extracellular proteins of mammals, especially immune-related extracellular proteins, on average have relatively high evolution rates. This article aims to examine if a high evolution rate in IDRs or that in SDs accounts for the rapid evolution of extracellular proteins. To this end, we classified eukaryotic proteins based on their cellular localizations and analyzed them. Moreover, we divided proteins into SDs and IDRs and calculated the respective evolution rate. Fractional IDR content is positively correlated with evolution rate. For their fractional IDR content, immune-related extracellular proteins show an aberrantly high evolution rate. IDRs evolve more rapidly than SDs in most subcellular localizations. In extracellular proteins, however, the difference is diminished. For immune-related proteins in mammals in particular, the evolution rates in SDs come close to those in IDRs. Thus high evolution rates in both IDRs and SDs account for the rapid evolution of immune-related proteins

Design of Heat-Resistant in-Vessel Components for Deuterium Beam-Aided Charge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy in JT-60SA

Heat-resistant in-vessel components, i.e., a heat sink, a front-end optics housing, and a diagnostic window have been designed in terms of heat-handling capability and thermal stress and mechanical stress by using a finite element method code. The heat sink, which is exposed to a plasma heat flux of up to 0.3 MW/m2, consists of carbon tiles, a carbon sheet, and a stainless steel heat sink with a water-cooling channel. Analysis shows that at a water flow rate of 0.9 kg/s with a water pressure of 0.5 MPa, an increase in the carbon tile temperature is mitigated below the limit related with detrimental red-hot (900°C). The front-end optics housing temperature and the diagnostic window of sapphire glass temperature are within the allowable temperature. The thermal stress and mechanical stress are less than the allowable value, respectively

Monitoring Athletes ’ Physiological Responses to Endurance Training with Genomic-wide Expression Data

Abstract. A system of fixed effect regression modeling for genome-wide expression data from DNA microarray hybridization is described that uses statistical methods in longitudinal or matched case-control data analysis to monitor athletes ’ physiological responses to endurance training. We first identify significantly differential expressed genes with endurance training-induced muscle contraction using fixed effect regression modeling, which effectively adapts the confounding effects arising from the interaction between genes. Next, we map key genes onto acknowledged KEGG pathways to attain a linkage between key molecules and biochemical pathways with endurance training-induced muscle contraction in a cause-effect format. To demonstrate this approach, we have used fixed effect logistic regression modeling to study a gene expression model relating to endurance training-induced vastus lateralis muscle contraction. We have found the development of carbohydrate, lipid and energy metabolisms, respectively, the transcriptional regulations of endurance training-induced vastus lateralis muscle contraction status, and the presence of the deleterious effects of oxygen from the metabolic reduction of the reactive oxygen species. The approach described here can supply general tools to monitor athletes ’ physiological responses to endurance training on the genomic scale. Key words: fixed effect regression modeling; muscle contraction; metabolism; transcriptional regulation

Design of JT-60SA core Thomson scattering diagnostic system

An incoherent Thomson scattering diagnostic will be installed in the JT-60SA tokamak to measure electron temperature and electron density profiles. The target radial spatial resolution is 25 mm with 46 spatial channels. The accuracy in electron temperature and density is a few percent at ne = 7.5 × 10^19 m^−3 , which is the expected value in the plasma core. This paper presents the designs of collection optics, fibers with their alignment system, and polychromators. The collection optics overcomes unique issues for superconducting fusion devices, i.e., limited design space, high-temperature measurements, and harsh radiation condition. When in several years the more performing plasma will generate intense nuclear radiation, the lens materials of the optics can be replaced by radiation resistant glasses without major changes in the lens holder. It will prevent transmission degradation and keep stable measurement accuracy

Design of JT-60SA core Thomson scattering diagnostic system

JT-60SAでは電子温度と電子密度の分布を計測するためにトムソン散乱計測システムを設置する。本発表では、ポートプラグ内の限られた空間に設置可能な集光光学系、レーザー伝送系、分光器、制御システムの概念設計を示す。集光光学系はポートプラグからは独立した片持ち張り構造とし、ディスラプション等が原因となる変位の影響を抑制する。電子温度の計測誤差は、10%以下であると評価され、プラズマ研究に十分な精度で計測できる見込みを得た。第23回高温プラズマ計測に関するトピカル会議(HTPD