Evaluating Insulin/Glucose Ratio Using Breakfast of Calorie Restriction Meal for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been a medical and social problem worldwide. For nutritional therapy, Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) and Calorie restriction (CR) have discussed for long, where authors continued clinical research. Subjects and Methods: Subjects were 68 patients with T2DM with 62.1 years on average. Methods included i) standard CR was provided a day with 1400 kcal and 60% of carbohydrate, ii) measurement of daily profile of blood glucose, iii) insulinogenic index (IGI) (0-30 mins) exam for breakfast including 70g of carbohydrate, iv) calculation of IGI by delta and Area Under the Curves(AUC). Results: Basal data revealed that HbA1c 7.9%, fasting glucose 163 mg/dL, average glucose in a day 210 mg/dL, M value 117 in the median. Increment of glucose/IRI was 48.0 mg/dL/8.6 μU/mL, respectively. Delta or AUC ratio of IGI was 0.14[0.08-0.26] and 3.3[2.5-5.2], respectively. There were significant correlations between M value and Delta or AUC ratio, with a higher coefficient in the latter. Discussion and Conclusion: IGI study in Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) would be useful for pancreas function evaluation. AUC ratio method has superiority than Delta ratio with higher correlation coefficient. Current results could be the fundamental data for the related range of research, and further development will be expected

Investigation of Low Carbohydrate Diet for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with Elevated Immunoreactive Insulin

Background: There are discussion of Calorie Restriction (CR) and Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD). Authors and colleagues have continued research concerning LCD, CR and Morbus (M) value. Furthermore, this study also included homeostasis model assessment (HOMA). Subjects and Methods: Subjects enrolled were 40 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) cases with more than 10 μU/mL of fasting immunoreacitve insulin (IRI). Methods included fundamental tests such as glucose, IRI, HOMA-R, HOMA-β, average blood glucose on day 2 and 14 during CR and LCD meal. Results: Current data were in the following: average age 56.8 ± 12.3 years old, median values are HbA1c 7.2%, fasting glucose 141 mg/dL, IRI 13.1 μU/mL, HOMA-R 4.6, HOMA-β 57.1. Median values on day 2 vs 14 were average blood glucose 160 vs 120 mg/dL, M value 37.1 vs 7.4, Triglyceride 137 vs 97 mg/dL, respectively. M value showed significant correlation with HOMA-R (p<0.05) and HOMA-β (p<0.01). Discussion and Conclusion: The results suggested that LCD showed clinical effect for decreasing of glucose and M value in glucose variability and those patients would have insulin resistance and decreased β cell function. Furthermore, these findings would become basal and useful data for future research in this field

Remarkable Improvement of Glucose Variability by Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors using Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)

Authors have continued clinical research of Calorie Restriction (CR) and Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) and present a case with precise observation of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). The patient is 38 years-old females with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), who showed BMI 19.6, postprandial blood glucose 277 mg/dL. HbA1c 12.6%, glycoalbumin 31.8% (11.6-16.4), HOMA-R 2.8, HOMA-β 8.5, urinary excretion of C-peptide 67 μg/day, and normal range of liver, renal, lipid exams. She was given three stage intervention. The protocol was • Day 1-2; CR meal with 60% carbohydrate, • Day 3-5; LCD meal with 12% carbohydrate, • Day 6-13; LCD+Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2(SGLT2) inhibitors (Suglat 50 mg, Ipragliflozin L-Proline). The glucose variability was monitored using FreeStyle Libre Pro (Abbott) for 14 days. Blood glucose was decreased as • More than 350 mg/dL, • 180-200 mg/dL, • 100-150 mg/dL in day 7-9, and 90-120 mg/dL in day 10-13. Acute decrease of blood glucose was found 3 hours after giving Suglat, which was remarkable finding. These results suggest the improving glucose variability of LCD in short term, the acute and strong efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors for glucose metabolism, and clinical usefulness of simultaneous observation of glucose fluctuation

Short Term Effect of Low Carbohydrate Diet in Diabetic Male Patients

Background: Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) and Calorie Restriction (CR) have been discussed for long. Authors have continued clinical research on LCD, CR and M value. Subjects and Methods: Subjects were 67 male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods were i) daily profile of blood glucose, average glucose, M value for CR meal, ii) same exam of i) after 2 days of LCD, iii) Delta and AUC ratio for 70g of carbohydrate (0 - 30 minutes) in meal tolerance test (MTT), iv) Triglyceride check for 12 days of LCD, v) analyses of correlation of biomarkers. Results: Obtained data were as follows: average age 61.2 years old, median values are HbA1c 7.8%, fasting glucose 151 mg/dL, IRI 4.4 μU/mL, HOMA-R 2.1, HOMA-β 15.9, respectively. Median values on day 2 vs 14: average glucose 198 vs 151 mg/dL, M value 134 vs 14.4, respectively. AUC ratio for Carbo70 showed more separate distribution as insulin secretion ability than Delta ratio. There were significant correlations among HbA1c, average glucose and M value. Discussion and Conclusion: These results suggested that LCD would have beneficial effects for glucose variability. Furthermore, it would become basal and reference data for the future research development in this field

Useful Measurement of Glucose Variability by Flash Glucose Monitoring (FGM) with the Efficacy of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor

Diabetes has been a crucial medical and social problem worldwide. For adequate nutritional therapy, there have been discussions concerning Calorie Restriction (CR) and Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD). We have investigated glucose variability of diabetic patients applying CR, LCD, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and applied FreeStyle Libre which is flash glucose monitoring (FGM). The patient is a 40-year-old female with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), who showed BMI 20.7, postprandial blood glucose 257 mg/dL. HbA1c 12.1%, Glycoalbumin 31.6% (11.6-16.4), serum C-peptide 2.0 ng/ml and unremarkable data of liver function, renal, lipids. She was provided the intervention of three stages, which are i) CR with 60% carbohydrate in Day 1-2, ii) LCD meal with 12% carbohydrate in Day 3-5; iii) LCD + Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor (Ipragliflozin L-Proline 50mg) in Day 6-12. The glucose profile was measured by FreeStyle Libre Pro (Abbott) for 14 days. The daily profile of blood glucose was abruptly decreased on Day 6. Time percentage of satisfactory blood glucose 70-180 mg/dL (/24h) was 0%, 0%, 2%, 14%, 0%, 54%, 100% in Day 1-7, respectively. These results suppose the acute clinical efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitor, and this report would become a reference for future diabetic practice and research

Difference of Glucose variability between Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) and Calorie Restriction (CR)

Background: There have been lots of discussion and controversy concerning the difference between Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) and Calorie Restriction (CR). The important points include glucose variability, glucose-lowering effect, weight reduction degree and influence on lipid metabolism. Subjects and Methods: Enrolled subjects were 47 patients with T2DM. Methods included the study for providing subjects CR meal with 60% carbohydrate on day 1-2 and LCD meal with 12% on day 3-14. Daily profile of blood glucose was studied seven times a day on day 2 and day 4. Further, biomarkers including HbA1c, average blood glucose, and M value were investigated and analyzed for mutual correlations. Results: Subjects were categorized into 4 groups according to the average glucose value, which were 124mg/dL, 160mg/dL, 206mg/dL, and 281mg/dL, respectively. Data in 4 groups were as follows: Number; 12,12,12,11, Male/Female; 6/6, 3/9, 6/6, 5/6, mean age; 51.3, 60.9, 65.3, 60.6 years old, HbA1c; 6.1%, 7.1%, 8.0%, 8.9%, fasting glucose on day 2; 109 mg/dL, 136 mg/dL, 178 mg/dL, 224mg/dL, respectively. Daily profiles of blood glucose in 4 groups on day 4 were remarkably decreased than those of day 2. The levels of M value indicating average blood glucose and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) on day 2 vs 4 were compared in 4 groups, which are 7.1 vs 10.5, 39.7 vs 5.0, 139 vs 15.7, 367 vs88, respectively. Correlations among HbA1c, M value and average blood glucose showed significant correlations (p<0.01). Discussion and Conclusion: Obtained results showed that the distribution of daily profile of blood glucose in 4 groups is separated. Further similar tendency was observed in HbA1c and M value. There was remarkable decrease of blood glucose from CR to LCD. These findings suggested that LCD would have remarkable efficacy for improving glucose variability. Furthermore, obtained findings could become basal and reference data for the developing research for CR and LCD

Evaluating pancreas function by meal tolerance test (MTT) in diabetes

Background: Diabetic nutritional treatment involves the discussion of Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) and Calorie Restriction (CR). Authors have initiated and developed LCD in Japan and continued clinical research. In this study, we investigated glucose variability in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Subjects and Methods: Subjects were 60 T2DM patients of 62.7 years in average with its fasting immunoreactive insulin (IRI) less than 5μU/mL. Methods include basal blood test, daily profile of blood glucose and insulinogenic index (IGI) for 70g of carbohydrate (0-30min) in CR breakfast. Correlation among these and comparison in 4 groups categorized by Morbus value were analyzed. Results: Basal data revealed HbA1c 7.9%, daily glucose 222 mg/dL in average, and Triglyceride 83 mg/dL, Morbus value 150, HOMA-R 1.1, HOMA-β 11.0 in median. Delta Ratio of IGI and AUC ratio of IGI showed significant correlations with M value and HbA1c (p<0.01). Discussion and Conclusion: Meal Tolerance Test (MTT) has been recently used for convenient methods and meaningful results. AUC ratio suggests a little superior than Delta ratio for its higher correlation coefficient. These results would become the basal data in this field, and further development of related research is expected in the future

Detail glucose fluctuation and variability by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)

Authors and colleagues have continued clinical diabetic research in the light of Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) and M value. M value is calculated from the daily profile of blood glucose, and it indicates the total numerical value of two factors, which are average blood glucose and mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE). The case is 53 years old female with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), who was on multiple daily insulin injection (MDI). Using FreeStyle Libre, blood glucose was studied for 14 days. Average blood glucose in a day was 169 mg/dL, 163 mg/dL, 164 mg/dL and 166 mg/dL in day 3,5,9,11, respectively with almost same level. In contrast, the levels of the M value distributed widely from 12.5 to 98.3. A discrepancy of HbA1c was found between estimated value and laboratory data on out clinic, which was 7.4% and 8.0%, respectively. These results suggest that there would be rather large difference in MAGE even though the average blood glucose was almost the same in the 4 days. Furthermore, this investigation would be beneficial for check the detail blood glucose variability associated with various activities, and for better and stable control of blood glucose in T1DM

Improved Glucose Variability by Low Carbohydrate Diet in Female Diabetic Patients

Background: Discussion of Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) and Calorie Restriction (CR) has been observed. Authors have continued clinical research on LCD, CR and Morbus (M) value for years. Subjects and Methods: Subjects were 81 female patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods included i) basal tests on diabetes, ii) daily profile of blood glucose, average glucose, M value for CR meal, iii) same exam of ii) for 2 days of LCD, iv) Triglyceride check for 12 days of LCD, v) analyses of these biomarkers. Results: Obtained data were as follows: average age 62.4 years old, median values are HbA1c 7.2%, fasting glucose 147 mg/dL, IRI 6.8 μU/mL, HOMA-R 2.5, HOMA-β 28.7, respectively. Median values on day 2 vs 14: average glucose 173 vs 130 mg/dL, M value 62.4 vs 9.6, respectively. There was significant correlations between M value and HbA1c (p<0.01), and between average glucose and HbA1c (p<0.01). Triglyceride value was decreased for 12 days of LCD from 103 to 79 mg/dL. Discussion and Conclusion: The results suggested that LCD showed positive effects for improving glucose variability and lipid metabolism. Furthermore, these findings would become fundamental and reference data for the future research development in this field

Study of Efficacy for Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) and Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) in Diabetes

Background: Discussion of Low Carbohydrate Diet (LCD) and Calorie Restriction (CR) has been continued. Authors have reported research about LCD, CR and Morbus (M) value. In current study, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) was also investigated together, with the purpose of study for insulin resistance and secretory ability. Subjects and Methods: Subjects were 56 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with fasting immunoreacitve insulin (IRI) in 5-10 μU/mL. Methods included basal tests, glucose, IRI, HOMA-R, HOMA-β, daily profile of glucose on day 2 and 14 during LCD meal. Results: The obtained data were as follows: average age 63.1 ± 10.5 yo., average HbA1c 7.9 ± 1.9%. Median values are fasting glucose 150 mg/dL, HOMA-R 2.6, HOMA-β 25.9. Divided into 4 groups due to M value, HOMA-R and HOMA-β in each group were 2.3, 2.6, 2.2, 3.5, and 46.1, 40.7, 24.3, 15.9, respectively. Median values on day 2 vs. 14 were: average blood glucose 181mg/dL vs. 139mg/dL, M value 60.7 vs. 10.2, triglyceride 129 mg/dL vs. 89.5 mg/dL. The level of M value showed significant correlation to average glucose, M value, and HOMA-β (p<0.01). Discussion and Conclusion: The results suggested that patients have insulin resistance and decreased β cell function, LCD would have effects for improving glucose variability, and data would be useful and beneficial for future research