Molecular-shape- and size-independent power-law dependence of percolation thresholds on radius of gyration in ideal molecular systems

Three-dimensional single-component ideal gas systems composed of model homogeneous rigid molecules in various molecular shapes and sizes are simulated by a molecular Monte Carlo simulation technique. We reveal that percolation thresholds of such single-component systems result in, when the molecular volume is fixed, power-law decreasing functions of the radius of gyration (gyradius) of the molecules. The systems with the same parameter set of the molecular volume and radius of gyration, but in different molecular shapes, show the identical value of the percolation threshold. Moreover, we also reveal that a dimensionless scale-free parameter, which is the ratio between the radius of gyration and real cube root of the molecular volume, uniquely determines the percolation threshold.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

Fiscal Policy under the Debt Feedback Rule: The Case of Japan

The Japanese government has amassed a huge amount of gross public debts over the past several decades. However, previous empirical works dealing with vector auto-regression (VAR) have not considered the effect of debt on fiscal policy and the macro economy. In this paper, we incorporate debt dynamics in a VAR model in the spirit of Favero and Giavazzi (2007, 2011). The inclusion of the debt feedback rule in VAR can help overcome the misspecification problem and provide direction toward a more relevant debt path and fiscal stance. The main findings of our study are as follows. First, in the pre-bubble period, the fiscal authority in Japan increased the primary surplus when the public debt level was high. However, this Ricardian behavior was not seen in the post-bubble period. Second, the impulse response functions to the expansionary government spending shock reveal that the stance of fiscal policy was more active in the pre-bubble. Third, while the forecast of debt dynamics in the pre-bubble period was stable, it became explosive in the post-bubble period.fiscal policy, Japan's public debt, VAR

FDI in Post-Production Services and Product Market Competition

Post-production services, such as sales, distribution, and maintenance, comprise a crucial element of business activity. We explore an international duopoly model in which a foreign .rm has the option of outsourcing post-production services to its domestic rival or providing those services by establishing its own facilities through FDI. We demonstrate that trade liberalization in goods may hurt domestic consumers and lower world welfare, and that the negative welfare impacts are turned into positive ones if service FDI is also liberalized. This .nding yields important policy implications, given the reality that the progress of liberalization in service sectors is still limited.post-production services, rade liberalization, FDI, outsourcing, international oligopoly

FDI in Post-Production Services and Product Market Competition

Post-production services, such as sales, distribution, and maintenance, comprise a crucial element of business activity. A foreign firm faces a higher cost to perform such services than its domestic rival because of the lack of proximity to customers. We explore an international duopoly model in which a foreign firm can reduce its cost for post-production services by foreign direct investment (FDI), or alternatively can outsource such services to its domestic rival. Trade liberalization, if not accompanied by liberalization of service FDI, can hurt domestic consumers and decrease world welfare, but the negative welfare impacts can be mitigated and eventually turned into positive ones as service FDI is also liberalized. This finding yields important policy implications, given the reality that the progress of liberalization in service sectors is limited compared to the substantial progress already made in trade liberalization.post-production services, trade liberalization, FDI, outsourcing, international oligopoly

FDI in Post-Production Services and Product Market Competition

Post-production services, such as sales, distribution, and maintenance, comprise a crucial element of business activity. A foreign firm faces a higher cost to perform such services than its domestic rival because of the lack of proximity to customers. We explore an international duopoly model in which a foreign firm can reduce its cost for post-production services by foreign direct investment (FDI), or alternatively can outsource such services to its domestic rival. Trade liberalization, if not accompanied by liberalization of service FDI, can hurt domestic consumers and decrease world welfare, but the negative welfare impacts can be mitigated and eventually turned into positive ones as service FDI is also liberalized. This finding yields important policy implications, given the reality that the progress of liberalization in service sectors is limited compared to the substantial progress already made in trade liberalization.post-production services, trade liberalization, FDI, outsourcing, international oligopoly

FDI in Post-Production Services and Product Market Competition

Post-production services, such as sales, distribution, and maintenance, comprise a crucial element of business activity. We explore an international duopoly model in which a foreign firm has the option of outsourcing post-production services to its domestic rival or providing those services by establishing its own facilities through FDI. We demonstrate that trade liberalization in goods may hurt domestic consumers and lower world welfare, and that the negative welfare impacts are turned into positive ones if service FDI is also liberalized. This finding yields important policy implications, given the reality that the progress of liberalization in service sectors is still limited.post-production services, trade liberalization, FDI, outsourcing, international oligopoly