Mechanical parameters from the single compartment model.

<p>The graphs compare the time courses of Newtonian resistance (<i>R,</i> panels A and B), tissue elastance (<i>H,</i> panels C and D) and the change in H (<i>ΔH</i>, panels E and F) during 60 min of ventilation using conventional ventilation (CV), conventional ventilation with large breaths (CV_LB), or variable ventilation (VV_N) in HCl-injured mice at PEEPs of 3 (left panels) and 6 cmH₂O (right panels). * denotes significant difference between CV and CV_LB as well as CV and VV_N at 60 min; # denote significant difference between CV and VV_N at 60 min. Additional significance levels are given in the text.</p

Analysis of Western blots.

<p>Graphs show the relative amounts of SP-B, proSP-B and soluble E-cadherin in HCl-injured mice at the conclusion of 60 min of ventilation using CV, CV_LB or VV_N at PEEPs of 3 and 6 cmH₂O. The data are normalized with the corresponding mean values of the unventilated group with baseline injury. The two bars in the unventilated group at the two PEEP levels correspond to samples from the same lungs on two separate Western blots. * denotes significant difference compared to CV (p<0.05).</p

Time course of the protocol.

<p>Once the animal was connected to the ventilator, a recruitment maneuver (RM) was followed by impedance measurement (Z) and HCl treatment. After a stabilization period and several RM and Z, a 60 min ventilation period (thick arrow) was started. During the ventilation period, Z and peak airway pressure (PAP) were recorded at 5 min intervals. At the end of the protocol, blood gases and a lavage sample were obtained and the lung was isolated for further processing.</p

Schematic representation of ventilation along the normalized pressure-volume curve during CV_LB and VV_N.

<p>The vertical dashed black line at 0.4 represents PEEP. The intersections of PEEP and the pressure-volume curves mark the end-expiratory lung volumes (EELV) during the two ventilation modes upon which V_T is superimposed. For CV_LB (red), we also show the large breaths (LB) and the corresponding peak airway pressure (PAP). For VV_N (blue), there is a range of V_Ts superimposed on EELV. The corresponding end-inspiratory volumes have a distribution shown by the shaded area. The probability of a given tidal volume is proportional to the gray scale. Also notice that the mean V_T in VV_N is the same as in CV_LB, but the distribution of V_Ts goes below the V_T of CV_LB and stretches up to the LBs in CV_LB.</p

Gas exchange as a function of ventilation mode.

<p>The graphs show the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide (PaO₂ and PaCO₂, respectively, in panels A and B), percent oxygen saturation (SO₂, panel C) and Alveolar-arterial gradient (A–a gradient, panel D) obtained at the end of 60 min ventilation using CV, CV_LB or VV_N in HCl-injured mice at PEEPs of 3 and 6 cmH₂O. * denotes significant difference compared to CV (p<0.05).</p

Peak airway pressures as a function of ventilation mode.

<p>The graphs compare the time courses of the relative percentage change in mean peak airway pressure during 60 min of ventilation using CV, CV_LB or VV_N in HCl-injured mice at PEEPs of 3 (panel A) and 6 cmH₂O (panel B). Each point is calculated from the average of the peak airway pressure in a 5–minute ventilation period compared to its value at time 0. *denotes significant difference (p<0.001) between CV and CV_LB as well as CV and VV_N at 60 min; # denote significant difference (p<0.02) between CV_LB and VV_N at 60 min.</p

Example Western blots.

<p>Representative blots are shown for surfactant protein (SP)-B and its pro form (proSP-B) as well as E-cadherin obtained from lung homogenates and lavage fluid at the conclusion of 60 min of ventilation using CV, CV_LB or VV_N at PEEPs of 3 (left) and 6 cmH₂O (right). UV denotes blots from HCl-injured but unventilated group of animals. Note the small gaps between several images for a given protein. These blots are from the same film, but not in the same order as the rest of the blots. The original image was first cut into pieces, without changing the image, and then reassembled in the desired order.</p

Additional file 2: Figure S1. of The prognostic value of serum CA 19-9 for patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma

Scatter-plot of serum CA 19-9 and CYFRA 21-1 levels. (JPG 394 kb