Towards the semantic interpretation of personal health messages from social media

Recent attempts have been made to utilise social media platforms, such as Twitter, to provide early warning and monitoring of health threats in populations (i.e. Internet biosurveillance). It has been shown in the literature that a system based on keyword matching that exploits social media messages could report flu surveillance well ahead of the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). However, we argue that a simple keyword matching may not capture semantic interpretation of social media messages that would enable healthcare experts or machines to extract and leverage medical knowledge from social media messages. In this paper, we motivate and describe a new task that aims to tackle this technology gap by extracting semantic interpretation of medical terms mentioned in social media messages, which are typically written in layman’s language. Achieving such a task would enable an automatic integration between the data about direct patient experiences extracted from social media and existing knowledge from clinical databases, which leads to advances in the use of community health experiences in healthcare services.The authors gratefully acknowledge funding from the EPSRC (grant number EP/M005089/1)This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from ACM via http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2811271.281127

A participatory regional partnership approach to promote nutrition and physical activity through environmental and policy change in rural Missouri

BACKGROUND: Rural residents are less likely than urban and suburban residents to meet recommendations for nutrition and physical activity. Interventions at the environmental and policy level create environments that support healthy eating and physical activity. COMMUNITY CONTEXT: Healthier Missouri Communities (Healthier MO) is a community-based research project conducted by the Prevention Research Center in St. Louis with community partners from 12 counties in rural southeast Missouri. We created a regional partnership to leverage resources and enhance environmental and policy interventions to improve nutrition and physical activity in rural southeast Missouri. METHODS: Partners were engaged in a participatory action planning process that included prioritizing, implementing, and evaluating promising evidence-based interventions to promote nutrition and physical activity. Group interviews were conducted with Healthier MO community partners post intervention to evaluate resource sharing and sustainability efforts of the regional partnership. OUTCOME: Community partners identified the benefits and challenges of resource sharing within the regional partnership as well as the opportunities and threats to long-term partnership sustainability. The partners noted that the regional participatory process was difficult, but the benefits outweighed the challenges. INTERPRETATION: Regional rural partnerships may be an effective way to leverage relationships to increase the capacity of rural communities to implement environmental and policy interventions to promote nutrition and physical activity

Large-Scale Demonstration of Liquid Hydrogen Storage with Zero Boiloff for In-Space Applications

Cryocooler and passive insulation technology advances have substantially improved prospects for zero-boiloff cryogenic storage. Therefore, a cooperative effort by NASA s Ames Research Center, Glenn Research Center, and Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) was implemented to develop zero-boiloff concepts for in-space cryogenic storage. Described herein is one program element - a large-scale, zero-boiloff demonstration using the MSFC multipurpose hydrogen test bed (MHTB). A commercial cryocooler was interfaced with an existing MHTB spray bar mixer and insulation system in a manner that enabled a balance between incoming and extracted thermal energy

The saccadic spike artifact in MEG

Electro- and magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG) are the means to investigate the dynamics of neuronal activity non-invasively in the human brain. However, both EEG and MEG are also sensitive to non-neural sources, which can severely complicate the interpretation. The saccadic spike potential (SP) at saccade onset has been identified as a particularly problematic artifact in EEG because it closely resembles synchronous neuronal gamma band activity. While the SP and its confounding effects on EEG have been thoroughly characterized, the corresponding artifact in MEG, the saccadic spike field (SF), has not been investigated. Here we provide a detailed characterization of the SF. We simultaneously recorded MEG, EEG, gaze position and electrooculogram (EOG). We compared the SF in MEG for different saccade sizes and directions and contrasted it with the well-known SP in EEG. Our results reveal a saccade amplitude and direction dependent, lateralized saccadic spike artifact, which was most prominent in the gamma frequency range. The SF was strongest at frontal and temporal sensors but unlike the SP in EEG did not contaminate parietal sensors. Furthermore, we observed that the source configurations of the SF were comparable for regular and miniature saccades. Using distributed source analysis we identified the sources of the SF in the extraocular muscles. In summary, our results show that the SF in MEG closely resembles neuronal activity in frontal and temporal sensors. Our detailed characterization of the SF constitutes a solid basis for assessing possible saccadic spike related contamination in MEG experiments.the European Union ; the German Federal Ministry of Education and Researchpublisher versio

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Relation and Bell Inequalities in High Energy Physics

An effective formalism is developed to handle decaying two-state systems. Herewith, observables of such systems can be described by a single operator in the Heisenberg picture. This allows for using the usual framework in quantum information theory and, hence, to enlighten the quantum feature of such systems compared to non-decaying systems. We apply it to systems in high energy physics, i.e. to oscillating meson-antimeson systems. In particular, we discuss the entropic Heisenberg uncertainty relation for observables measured at different times at accelerator facilities including the effect of CP violation, i.e. the imbalance of matter and antimatter. An operator-form of Bell inequalities for systems in high energy physics is presented, i.e. a Bell-witness operator, which allows for simple analysis of unstable systems.Comment: 17 page

The FAT10- and ubiquitin-dependent degradation machineries exhibit common and distinct requirements for MHC class I antigen presentation

Like ubiquitin (Ub), the ubiquitin-like protein FAT10 can serve as a signal for proteasome-dependent protein degradation. Here, we investigated the contribution of FAT10 substrate modification to MHC class I antigen presentation. We show that N-terminal modification of the human cytomegalovirus-derived pp65 antigen to FAT10 facilitates direct presentation and dendritic cell-mediated cross-presentation of the HLA-A2 restricted pp65495–503 epitope. Interestingly, our data indicate that the pp65 presentation initiated by either FAT10 or Ub partially relied on the 19S proteasome subunit Rpn10 (S5a). However, FAT10 distinguished itself from Ub in that it promoted a pp65 response which was not influenced by immunoproteasomes or PA28. Further divergence occurred at the level of Ub-binding proteins with NUB1 supporting the pp65 presentation arising from FAT10, while it exerted no effect on that initiated by Ub. Collectively, our data establish FAT10 modification as a distinct and alternative signal for facilitated MHC class I antigen presentation

Learning Interpretable Rules for Multi-label Classification

Multi-label classification (MLC) is a supervised learning problem in which, contrary to standard multiclass classification, an instance can be associated with several class labels simultaneously. In this chapter, we advocate a rule-based approach to multi-label classification. Rule learning algorithms are often employed when one is not only interested in accurate predictions, but also requires an interpretable theory that can be understood, analyzed, and qualitatively evaluated by domain experts. Ideally, by revealing patterns and regularities contained in the data, a rule-based theory yields new insights in the application domain. Recently, several authors have started to investigate how rule-based models can be used for modeling multi-label data. Discussing this task in detail, we highlight some of the problems that make rule learning considerably more challenging for MLC than for conventional classification. While mainly focusing on our own previous work, we also provide a short overview of related work in this area.Comment: Preprint version. To appear in: Explainable and Interpretable Models in Computer Vision and Machine Learning. The Springer Series on Challenges in Machine Learning. Springer (2018). See http://www.ke.tu-darmstadt.de/bibtex/publications/show/3077 for further informatio

Staphylococcus aureus Stress Response to Bicarbonate Depletion

\ua9 2024 by the authors.Bicarbonate and CO2 are essential substrates for carboxylation reactions in bacterial central metabolism. In Staphylococcus aureus, the bicarbonate transporter, MpsABC (membrane potential-generating system) is the only carbon concentrating system. An mpsABC deletion mutant can hardly grow in ambient air. In this study, we investigated the changes that occur in S. aureus when it suffers from CO2/bicarbonate deficiency. Electron microscopy revealed that ΔmpsABC has a twofold thicker cell wall thickness compared to the parent strain. The mutant was also substantially inert to cell lysis induced by lysostaphin and the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100. Mass spectrometry analysis of muropeptides revealed the incorporation of alanine into the pentaglycine interpeptide bridge, which explains the mutant’s lysostaphin resistance. Flow cytometry analysis of wall teichoic acid (WTA) glycosylation patterns revealed a significantly lower α-glycosylated and higher f-glycosylated WTA, explaining the mutant’s increased resistance towards Triton X-100. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed altered gene expression profiles. Autolysin-encoding genes such as sceD, a lytic transglycosylase encoding gene, were upregulated, like in vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus mutants (VISA). Genes related to cell wall-anchored proteins, secreted proteins, transporters, and toxins were downregulated. Overall, we demonstrate that bicarbonate deficiency is a stress response that causes changes in cell wall composition and global gene expression resulting in increased resilience to cell wall lytic enzymes and detergents

Hospital Costs Related to Early Extubation after Infant Cardiac Surgery

Background The Pediatric Heart Network Collaborative Learning Study (PHN CLS) increased early extubation rates after infant Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and coarctation (CoA) repair across participating sites by implementing a clinical practice guideline (CPG). The impact of the CPG on hospital costs has not been studied. Methods PHN CLS clinical data were linked to cost data from Children’s Hospital Association by matching on indirect identifiers. Hospital costs were evaluated across active and control sites in the pre- and post-CPG periods using generalized linear mixed effects models. A difference-in-difference approach was used to assess whether changes in cost observed in active sites were beyond secular trends in control sites. Results Data were successfully linked on 410/428 (96%) of eligible patients from 4 active and 4 control sites. Mean adjusted cost/case for TOF repair was significantly reduced in the post-CPG period at active sites ($42,833 vs.$56,304, p<0.01) and unchanged at control sites ($47,007 vs.$46,476, p=0.91), with an overall cost reduction of 27% in active vs. control sites (p=0.03). Specific categories of cost reduced in the TOF cohort included clinical (-66%, p<0.01), pharmacy (-46%, p=0.04), lab (-44%, p<0.01), and imaging (-32%, p<0.01). There was no change in costs for CoA repair at active or control sites. Conclusions The early extubation CPG was associated with a reduction in hospital costs for infants undergoing repair of TOF, but not CoA repair. This CPG represents an opportunity to both optimize clinical outcome and reduce costs for certain infant cardiac surgeries

Welfare Reform, Precarity and the Re-Commodification of Labour

While welfare reform matters for workers and workplaces, it is peripheral in English-language sociology of work and industrial relations research. This article’s core proposition is that active labour market policies (ALMPs) are altering the institutional constitution of the labour market by intensifying market discipline within the workforce. This re-commodification effect is specified drawing on Marxism, comparative institutionalism, German-language sociology, and English-language social policy analysis. Because of administrative failures and employer discrimination, however, ALMPs may worsen precarity without achieving the stated goal of increasing labour-market participation