Effects of Industrial Emissions on Vegetal Growth and Soil

There are number of chemical producing units in and around the District Lahore which throw a large number of chemical effluents in the environment. These chemicals in the agricultural area are ultimately have affected and contaminated the crop as well as soil. A pot experiment was conducted with rice and grass grown on normal agricultural and contaminated soils to evaluate the effect of the effluents on soil and plant growth. The contaminated soil exercised important (p?0.03) negative effects on the growth, straw yield and nutrition of rice and grass grown on it. The more reduction (reduction over control, ROC: 55 to 67% for rice and 30 to 68% for grass) of straw dry matter yields of rice at different stages was determined as compared to grass grown on contaminated soil. The contents of N, P and K in the rice plants grown on the contaminated soil were decreased by 28, 32 and 65%, respectively. While increased (increase over normal agricultural soil, i.e. control: IOC) S and Na contents in rice by 55 and 1010% but decreased the S and Na contents in grass by 200 and 114%, respectively. Available N was determined 12 to 22 times higher in normal agricultural soil, while available S content was obtained 3 to 5 times higher in contaminated soil at different time of sampling. Type of crop showed no influence on N, P and S status of the soils. Key words: industrial effluents, growth and yield, nutrition of rice and grass, soil properties

Comparison of Anti-Diabetic Activity of Berberis lycium Royle Stem bark (Barberry) and Pioglitazone in Type 2 Diabetes Induced Mice Model

Objective: To compare the anti-diabetic activity of aqueous extract of stem bark of Berberis lycium Royle and Pioglitazone –a thiazolidinedione in a type 2 diabetes mellitus induced male mice model. Material and Methods: This Randomized control trial was carried out in the animal house of National Institute of Health (NIH), Islamabad for 10 weeks. Fifty albino Balb/C male mice were divided randomly into groups I-V (10 in each group). Group I served as normal control group. In rest of the forty mice from group II-V, type 2 diabetes mellitus was induced by administration of high fat diet (HFD) for two weeks followed by low dose (40 mg/kg) intra-peritoneal Streptozotocin (STZ) injections for four consecutive days. Group II served as the disease control group, group III received the aqueous extract of stem bark of Berberis lycium Royle in dose of 50 mg/kg body wt. while group IV received the aqueous extract of stem bark of Berberis lycium Royle in dose of 100 mg/kg body wt. Group V was administered Pioglitazone in a dose of 30mg/kg body wt. The herb extract and the drug was given orally once a day for six consecutive weeks. Samples were taken at the end of ten weeks. Results: The blood samples estimated for fasting blood glucose (FBG) & glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c %) levels showed that the aqueous extract of stem bark of Berberis lycium Royle in a high dose (100 mg/kg body wt.) maximally lowered the FBG and HbA1c% levels followed by its low dose (50 mg/kg body wt.) Pioglitazone also reduced the FBG and HbA1c% to normal limits but its extent was less than the aqueous extract of stem bark of Berberis lycium Royle. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of stem bark of Berberis lycium Royle lowers the FBG and HbA1c levels in a type 2 diabetes induced male mice in a dose dependent manner

Resilience of the Genus Agaricus to Climatic Variability in and around Ayubia National Park, Pakistan

The environment is being altered very quickly with the passage of time. No doubt human activities have a main role in the enhancement of certain environmental issues and these problems are affecting the natural biomes and the ecosystem world over. The biodiversity has to face these cascading problems and have to compete for their natural habitat. These environmental threats have pushed unique biodiversity at the edge of the extinction. The present study was focused to examine these issues for the members of genus Agaricus

Phylogenetic and chronological analysis of proteins causing Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases

It is evident that Neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's) have many similarities at cellular and molecular level as they carry parallel mechanisms including protein aggregation and inclusion body formation caused by protein mis-folding. The main objective of this study was to have detailed insight on variation and resemblance among these proteins. One hundred and four protein sequences, both directly and indirectly involved in disease mechanism to perform phylogenetic analysis revealing insight on evolutionary relationship among these proteins, were selected. The percentage of replicate trees, in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test, was 1000 replicates. Various statistical tests were performed for the confirmation of results e.g., Tajma's Neutrality Test showed D gt 6, nucleotide diversity π gt 0.6 and ps value as greater than 1. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the protein sequences of neurodegenerative diseases had high sequence similarity and identity to each other as depicted by the evolutionary tree. It showed the similar mechanism of evolving from each other and had similar mechanism of generating mis-folding leading towards symptoms of disease

Self-Medication Practice and Their Risk Factors Among BScN 4 Years Students

Self-medication is the use of medicines to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms, or the periodical or continued use of prescribed drugs for acute or chronic disease or symptoms. It’s going to include the use of herbs, the retention and Re-use of Medication without prescribed by doctors. Self-medication is widely practiced in both developed and developing countries. . Practice of getting self-medication was relatively high, because of easy access of drugs from public pharmacy and they also have knowledge about medicines. The study's overall objective was to identify the level of knowledge, attitude, and self-medication practices among undergraduate BScN 4 year student. This would be a descriptive cross sectional quantitative study .Quantitative cross sectional design used data to make statistical inference about nursing students of knowledge, attitude and practice regarding self-medication. Total, 250 BScN students were involved in this study. The data was collected using a validated questionnaire. Overall 53.6% BScN students often practice self-medications,while 46.4% students were not practice self-medications. In a study conducted in a private college of Nursing Lahore, it was found that self-medication is significantly higher in among BScN 4 year’s student nurses. We found that our respondent’s education has also impact on practice and attitude of self-medication. The awareness regarding self-medication among student is good about 60% populations have knowledge regarding medication benefits. As per the findings, 75.8% BScN students visited to a qualified medical practitioner. While 24.2% students were not visited to a qualified medical practitioner. 71.2% BScN students respond that the indications of self-medication Headache/ fever. Inappropriate self-medication can cause harm to the students and also whom they recommend as healthcare providers in the future. Therefore, there is a need to educate nursing students and make them more aware about adverse effects of self-medication. Keywords: Self-care, medical practitioner, nursing Students, Drugs, Self-medication, Knowledge DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/13-18-02 Publication date:October 31st 202

Self-Medication Practice and Their Risk Factors among BScN 4 Years Students

Self-medication is the use of medicines to treat self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms, or the periodical or continued use of prescribed drugs for acute or chronic disease or symptoms. It’s going to include the use of herbs, the retention and Re-use of Medication without prescribed by doctors. Self-medication is widely practiced in both developed and developing countries. . Practice of getting self-medication was relatively high, because of easy access of drugs from public pharmacy and they also have knowledge about medicines. The study's overall objective was to identify the level of knowledge, attitude, and self-medication practices among undergraduate BScN 4 year student. This would be a descriptive cross sectional quantitative study .Quantitative cross sectional design used data to make statistical inference about nursing students of knowledge, attitude and practice regarding self-medication. Total, 250 BScN students were involved in this study. The data was collected using a validated questionnaire. Overall 53.6% BScN students often practice self-medications,while 46.4% students were not practice self-medications. In a study conducted in a private college of Nursing Lahore, it was found that self-medication is significantly higher in among BScN 4 year’s student nurses. We found that our respondent’s education has also impact on practice and attitude of self-medication. The awareness regarding self-medication among student is good about 60% populations have knowledge regarding medication benefits. As per the findings, 75.8% BScN students visited to a qualified medical practitioner. While 24.2% students were not visited to a qualified medical practitioner. 71.2% BScN students respond that the indications of self-medication Headache/ fever. Inappropriate self-medication can cause harm to the students and also whom they recommend as healthcare providers in the future. Therefore, there is a need to educate nursing students and make them more aware about adverse effects of self-medication. Keywords: Self-care, medical practitioner, nursing Students, Drugs, Self-medication, Knowledge DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/104-03 Publication date: November 30th 202

Prevalence And Morphometric Analysis Of Fossa Navicularis Magna In Dry Human Skulls

Introduction: Basiocciput is the part of occipital bone present on the inferior aspect of skull. Fossa Navicularis Magna-an osseous defect is a variation in normal anatomy of basiocciput. Lately few case reports presented this fossa as a cause of spread of infection from nasopharynx to brain resulting in meningitis and osteomyelitis. Objectives: This study aims to find the incidence and morphometry of this fossa in Pakistani populace to avoid any misdiagnosis or misinterpretations. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted on dry human skulls at King Edward Medical University Lahore. Fossa was measured in its transverse and vertical diameters and to locate the fossa its distance from various anatomical land marks such as foramen ovale, foramen Lacerum, carotid canal, occipital condyles, pharyngeal tubercle and posterior border of vomer was noted. Results:  The incidence of this fossa was found to be 5.3% in Pakistani population. Predominantly oval shaped, fossa measured 5.5 and 3.06 mm in vertical and transverse diameters respectively. It was 12.2 mm posterior to vomer and 5.9 mm anterior to pharyngeal tubercle. Conclusion: This study is useful for radiologists and clinicians in avoiding any misinterpretations on radiographs and unnecessary investigation

Histopathological Studies on Stunting Syndrome in Broilers, Lahore, Pakistan

Runting stunting syndrome (RSS) is a multifactorial disease with many names and faces that had caused considerable economic losses to poultry through reduced uniformity, reduced livability, decreased body weights, elevated feed conversions, and many secondary diseases. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of stunting syndrome on histopathology in chicks () of different ages collected from nine different farms. Grouping was done on the basis of age (G1 = 1–10 days, G2 = 11–20 days, G3 = 21–30 days, and G4 = 31–40 days) including both stunted and normal chicks. Histopathological findings were the intestinal lesions (29%), including degeneration of villi, crypts, epithelial cells and lamina propria. Pancreatic histopathological lesions (16.65%) included the fibrosis, vacuolation, and degeneration of acinar cells. Degeneration of follicles and epithelial cells, of bursa of fabricius (43%) and dilation of glandular cells of proventriculus including lymphocytes infiltration (5.6%) were other histopathological findings. All these changes may interfere with normal digestive processes and normal body functioning resulting in poor weight gain and retarded growth or stunting of chicks