Adolescent perceptions of parental privacy invasion and adolescent secrecy:An illustration of Simpson's paradox

Adolescents' secrecy is intertwined with perception of parents' behaviors as acts of privacy invasion. It is currently untested, however, how this transactional process operates at the within-person level-where these causal processes take place. Dutch adolescents (n = 244, Mage = 13.84, 38.50% boys) reported three times on perceived parental privacy invasion and secrecy. Cross-lagged panel models (CLPM) confirmed earlier findings. Privacy invasion predicted increased secrecy, but a reverse effect was found from increased secrecy to increased privacy invasion. Controlling for confounding positive group-level associations with a novel random intercept CLPM, negative within-person associations were found. Higher levels of secrecy predicted lower levels of privacy invasive behaviors at the within-person level. These opposing findings within- versus between-persons illustrate a Simpson's paradox

Intergenerational transmission of psychopathology across three generations:the role of social support

Psychopathology runs in families and affects functioning of individuals and their family members. This study assessed the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology risk across three generations, and the extent to which social support factors may protect against this transmission from parents to their offspring. This study was embedded in Generation R, a multi-ethnic population-based cohort from fetal life onwards. Lifetime psychiatric disorders of grandparents were assessed with the Family Informant Schedule Criteria- updated for DSM-IV. Parental psychopathology was repeatedly measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory. Offspring psychopathology (ages 10 and 14) was assessed with the Brief Problem Monitor. Maternal and child social factors were assessed using questionnaire measures and a computerized peer nomination assessment. Our results show that the estimated additive interaction effect for the risk transmission of grandparental and pre- and postnatal parental psychopathology to offspring psychopathology was 23% (95% CI 19; 27). The joint effect of grandparental and parental psychopathology combined with maternal and child social support factors was 13% (95% CI 08; 17)], suggesting that social support factors diminished the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology from (grand)parents (G1 and G2) to offspring (G3). Transmission of psychopathology risk may have long-lasting developmental effects across generations. Social support factors reduced the vulnerability to the effects of psychopathology risk, underscoring the importance of the identification of buffering factors associated with good mental health in adolescents who are at high familial risk

Prevention programmes for children of parents with a mood/anxiety disorder:Systematic review of existing programmes and meta-analysis of their efficacy

Objectives: To systematically describe the characteristics and techniques of prevention programmes for children of parents with mood/anxiety disorders. In addition, recruitment approache

Prevention of psychopathology in children:Interventions for intergenerational transmission

Children of parents with anxiety or mood disorders have an increased risk of developing an anxiety or mood disorder themselves. A qualitative review of different components of well-studied prevention programs shows that all programs use elements of psychoeducation. Programs that primarily target children often use elements of cognitive behavioral therapy. Programs aimed at the whole family contain components focused on communication between family members and parenting skills. In general, these prevention programs are effective in preventing short- and long-term anxiety/mood disorders and reducing existing symptoms in children. Future research should pay more attention to how and for whom the prevention programs are effective. Primary health care plays an important role in identifying children at risk, underscoring the importance of training professionals in early signaling psychopathology in parents and children. Children with mild complaints could be identified earlier, possibly preventing more serious problems and intensive treatment processes.</p

Prevention of psychopathology in children:Interventions for intergenerational transmission

Children of parents with anxiety or mood disorders have an increased risk of developing an anxiety or mood disorder themselves. A qualitative review of different components of well-studied prevention programs shows that all programs use elements of psychoeducation. Programs that primarily target children often use elements of cognitive behavioral therapy. Programs aimed at the whole family contain components focused on communication between family members and parenting skills. In general, these prevention programs are effective in preventing short- and long-term anxiety/mood disorders and reducing existing symptoms in children. Future research should pay more attention to how and for whom the prevention programs are effective. Primary health care plays an important role in identifying children at risk, underscoring the importance of training professionals in early signaling psychopathology in parents and children. Children with mild complaints could be identified earlier, possibly preventing more serious problems and intensive treatment processes.</p