The Simple Truth About the Gender Pay Gap, Spring 2017 Edition

This guide provides key facts about the gender pay gap in the United States, along with explanations and resources. Information is organized around five common questions:1. What is the pay gap?2. How does the pay gap affect women of different demographics?3. What causes the pay gap?4. How can I make a difference?5. What should I do if I experience sex discrimination at work

The Crisis in Scientific Publishing and its Effect on the Admissibility of Technical and Scientific Evidence, 49 J. Marshall L. Rev. 727 (2016)

In 1993, the Supreme Court attempted to ensure the reliability of scientific, medical and technical evidence in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The Court held that judges act as gate keepers to, and provided various criterion to guide judges in the admissibility of, technical and scientific evidence. This article examines one criterion, peer review publication, to determine whether changes in scientific publishing over the last twenty-three years have weakened peer review’s usefulness as a guide for judges. The author analyzes the decline of peer review, as a clear standard for measuring the reliability of articles, by examining four problems scientific publishing has encountered in recent years: a parade of hoaxes; an epidemic of fraudulently published results; the apparent failure to reproduce published findings; and the growth of online, faux journals. These four problems undermine peer review as arguably the most important criteria of the Daubert approach, and bring Daubert’s continuing viability into question

Book Review of, Nietzsche\u27s Philosophy of Science: Reflecting Science on the Ground of Art and Life

Reviews the book Nietzsche\u27s Philosophy of Science: Reflecting Science on the Ground of Art and Life by Babette Babic

Assarting and governmental development in twelfth-century England: a study of the pipe roll evidence concerning illegal land clearance, 1154-1189

From the time human beings began cultivating crops, the quest for fertile crop land has been a prime objective. Since antiquity, farmers expanded their fields by clearing trees within or along the edges of neighboring forests. Likewise, as the population of Europe grew during the medieval period, the expansion of arable land was an important activity. In England, much of the land was cleared in a piecemeal fashion, via the assarts of both small and large landholders. Land clearance was an economically and environmentally important activity for all levels of society, yet historians, including agricultural historians, have largely ignored the process. From T. A. M. Bishop\u27s 1935 Economic History Review article Assarting and the Growth of the Open Fields, to Charles Young\u27s The Royal Forests of Medieval England, land clearance has been treated only tangentially.;Assarting had an important impact on the countryside of medieval England, but assarts and their economic and political ramifications have largely been neglected by historians. The study of assarting is essential to understanding the growth of government and the impact it had on the countryside. This study provides a broad examination of the Pipe Roll evidence concerning assarts on royal lands in England between 1154 and 1189, making a contribution not only to land history, but to our understanding of the development of medieval government and the Exchequer.;The evidence found in the Pipe Rolls indicates that illegal assarting in the Anglo-Norman era not only occurred more frequently than historians heretofore have believed, but that contrary to established notions, it was not truly discouraged by the crown\u27s Forest Law; The engine driving the land clearance was a growing population and the need for food. The land was clearly worth the price of the fine to the assarters, and evidence suggests that the crown saw the infractions made by assarters as tolerable because of the income it drew from the fines levied on the cleared lands

Book Review of, Nietzsche and the Transcendental Tradition

Reviews the book Nietzsche and the Transcendental Tradition by Michael Steven Gree

Auditory grouping mechanisms reflect a sound's relative position in a sequence

The human brain uses acoustic cues to decompose complex auditory scenes into its components. For instance to improve communication, a listener can select an individual “stream,” such as a talker in a crowded room, based on cues such as pitch or location. Despite numerous investigations into auditory streaming, few have demonstrated clear correlates of perception; instead, in many studies perception covaries with changes in physical stimulus properties (e.g., frequency separation). In the current report, we employ a classic ABA streaming paradigm and human electroencephalography (EEG) to disentangle the individual contributions of stimulus properties from changes in auditory perception. We find that changes in perceptual state—that is the perception of one versus two auditory streams with physically identical stimuli—and changes in physical stimulus properties are reflected independently in the event-related potential (ERP) during overlapping time windows. These findings emphasize the necessity of controlling for stimulus properties when studying perceptual effects of streaming. Furthermore, the independence of the perceptual effect from stimulus properties suggests the neural correlates of streaming reflect a tone's relative position within a larger sequence (1st, 2nd, 3rd) rather than its acoustics. By clarifying the role of stimulus attributes along with perceptual changes, this study helps explain precisely how the brain is able to distinguish a sound source of interest in an auditory scene