Condiciones de trabajo y salud de vendedores informales estacionarios del mercado de bazurto, en cartagena

Objetivo Determinar las condiciones de trabajo y salud de vendedores informales estacionarios del mercado de Bazurto de Cartagena. Metodología Población: 1210 vendedores informales estacionarios del mercado de la ciudad. Muestra: 584 vendedores. Se utilizó una lista de chequeo para des­cribir las condiciones de trabajo. Para determinar las condiciones de salud se utili­zó el cuestionario de alteraciones de salud referida a trabajadores, el cuestionario de síntomas neurotóxicos (Q16) y fue valorado el estado nutricional a través del índice de masa corporal. Resultados Participaron 583 vendedores con edad promedio de 39 años (I.C. 95% 38–40). El 87,8 % (512) de los participantes están expuestos a ruido constan­te, un 84,9 % (495) de los lugares de trabajos presentan altas temperaturas, 74,1 % (432) están expuestos a material particulado en suspensión; 69,8 % (407) no utilizan elementos de protección personal y en promedio los vendedores laboran 10 horas diarias. Un 71 %(414) manifestó cansancio físico, 72,4 % (422) dolor de cabeza, 63,7 % (371) dolor de espalda y el 62,7 % (365) dolor en piernas. Conclusiones El ambiente físico en el que laboran los vendedores informales es inadecuado, lo cual sumado a extensas jornadas laborales y a la inseguridad y delincuencia del sector en el que laboran, supone riesgos para la salud, que ya son referidos en síntomas como dolor de espalda, dolor de cabeza, dolor en las piernas, cansancio visual y cansancio físic

Donated Blood Screening for HIV, HCV and HBV by ID-NAT and the Residual Risk of Iatrogenic Transmission in a Tertiary Care Hospital Blood Bank in Puebla, Mexico

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) can be transmitted by blood transfusion. Most transmission occurs during the acute viremic phase (AVP), before antibody development. To reduce transmission risk, individual donor nucleic acid testing (ID-NAT) is used. In Puebla, Mexico, serological tests and ID-NAT have been applied to screen blood donors and detect individuals in AVP. In the present study, 106,125 blood donors’ data in two periods (2012–2015 and 2017–2019) were analyzed. The residual risk (RR) values were calculated considering ID-NAT results. The RR for HIV was 14 in 1 million donations or 1 in 71,428, the RR for HVC was 6.8 in 1 million donations or 1 in 147,058 and, for HBV, it was 156 in 1 million donations, or 1 in 6410. Previously, it was predicted that the transmission RR of these viruses would be reduced in Mexico through better screening with NAT. The use of ID-NAT has, indeed, increased the safety of blood reserves for HIV and HCV. However, more research is needed to determine why the residual risk of HBV did not decrease as much over the study period. ID-NAT is an important complementary tool for blood donor screening that should be implemented

Space and open innovation: potential, limitations and conditions of success

The classical model of innovation behind closed doors is slowly but surely being challenged by the Open Innovation model that is reshaping the way organizations bring new products and services into the market. This paper reports on the results of an International Space University (ISU) Team Project (TP) focused on the potential, limitations and conditions of success of Open Innovation in the space sector using ISU׳s international, interdisciplinary, intercultural (3Is) approach. Open Innovation can be defined as “the process of strategically managing the sharing of ideas and resources among entities to co-create value”. Conventional approaches to technology development for space, such as spin-offs or spin-ins, are no longer sufficient to fully describe the interactions between organizations in today׳s Research and Development (R&D) landscape. Traditionally, conducting space technology development and launching space missions required massive infrastructure investments, long lead times and large teams of experts. However, internal R&D, dedicated marketing departments and closely guarded intellectual property are no longer the only way to achieve success. Smaller, nimbler teams, significant use of crowdfunding, a more aggressive approach to managing risk and a great motivation to leverage intellectual property are just some of their defining characteristics. By using a case study methodology focused on asteroid mining supported by a critical literature review, the project team highlighted the potential of Open Innovation in space by identifying its most promising applications as well as its limitations