Giant prostatic hyperplasia: a case report from Aligarh

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common conditions experienced by ageing males and a frequent cause of bladder outlet obstruction and macroscopic haematuria. “Giant prostatic hyperplasia” (GPH) is a term that describes rare cases of extremely enlarged prostate glands, weighing up to 500 g. Typically, patients with GPH have severe symptoms and seek medical care to treat their voiding complaints. GPH is an uncommon pathologic entity with only 10 reported cases of prostate glands exceeding 500. We report first case of GPH in Aligarh. A 60-year-old patient came to Surgery, OPD AKTCH, AMU, Aligarh with increased frequency of micturition, urgency, hesitancy and pain in upper abdomen. Massive prostatomegaly was found on digital rectal examination. The patient was successfully treated with open transvesical prostatectomy and had an uneventful postoperative recovery

Photochemistry of methyl hypobromite (CH₃OBr): excited states and photoabsorption spectrum

The singlet and triplet excited states of CH3OBr with excitation energies up to ∼9.5 eV are studied using the multi-reference configuration interaction with singles and doubles method (MRCI-SD) and several single-reference methods, including time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), coupled-cluster (linear-response CC2 and equation-of-motion CCSD and CCSD(T)), and algebraic diagrammatic construction (ADC(2)). Among the single-reference methods, coupled-cluster gives vertical excitation energies and oscillator strengths comparable to the MRCI-SD values for the majority of excited states. The absorption cross section in the gas phase in the region between 2 and 8.5 eV was simulated with CCSD using the nuclear ensemble approach. The computed spectrum predicts two intense absorption bands. The first band, peaked at ∼7.0 eV, is induced by Rydberg excitation. The second band has a strong overlap between a broad σσ* transition and three Rydberg transitions, resulting in two peaks at 7.7 and 7.9 eV. The spectrum also features a low-intensity band peaking at ∼4.6 eV due to nσ* excitation. The intensity of this band is influenced by spin–orbit coupling effects. We analyzed the dissociation pathways along the O–Br and C–O coordinates by computing rigid potential energy curves of the ground and the lowest-lying singlet and triplet excited states, and discussed the possible dissociation products. Due to the specific electronic structure of the excited states, characterized by multireference, double excitations, and Rydberg states occurring in the low-energy region, their correct description along dissociation coordinates is feasible only with MRCI-SD

Unconventional hydrogen bonding to organic ions in the gas phase: Stepwise association of hydrogen cyanide with the pyridine and pyrimidine radical cations and protonated pyridine

Equilibrium thermochemical measurements using the ion mobility drift cell technique have been utilized to investigate the binding energies and entropy changes for the stepwise association of HCN molecules with the pyridine and pyrimidine radical cations forming the C5H5N+· (HCN)nand C4H4N2 +· (HCN)n clusters, respectively, with n = 1–4. For comparison, the binding of 1–4 HCN molecules to the protonated pyridine C5H5NH+(HCN)n has also been investigated. The binding energies of HCN to the pyridine and pyrimidine radical cations are nearly equal (11.4 and 12.0 kcal/mol, respectively) but weaker than the HCN binding to the protonated pyridine (14.0 kcal/mol). The pyridine and pyrimidine radical cations form unconventional carbon-based ionic hydrogen bonds with HCN (CHδ+⋯NCH). Protonated pyridine forms a stronger ionichydrogen bond with HCN (NH+⋯NCH) which can be extended to a linear chain with the clustering of additional HCN molecules (NH+⋯NCH··NCH⋯NCH) leading to a rapid decrease in the bond strength as the length of the chain increases. The lowest energy structures of the pyridine and pyrimidine radical cation clusters containing 3-4 HCN molecules show a strong tendency for the internal solvation of the radical cation by the HCN molecules where bifurcatedstructures involving multiple hydrogen bonding sites with the ring hydrogen atoms are formed. The unconventional H-bonds (CHδ+⋯NCH) formed between the pyridine or the pyrimidine radical cations and HCN molecules (11–12 kcal/mol) are stronger than the similar (CHδ+⋯NCH)bonds formed between the benzene radical cation and HCN molecules (9 kcal/mol) indicating that the CHδ+ centers in the pyridine and pyrimidine radical cations have more effective charges than in the benzene radical cation

Hydration of the pyrimidine radical cation and stepwise solvation of protonated pyrimidine with water, methanol, and acetonitrile

Equilibrium thermochemical measurements using an ion mobility drift cell technique have been utilized to investigate the binding energies and entropy changes associated with the stepwise hydration of the biologically significant ions pyrimidine radical cation and protonated pyrimidine. The binding energy of the hydrated pyrimidine radical cation is weaker than that of the proton-bound dimer pyrimidineH+(H2O) consistent with the formation of a weak carbon-based CHδ+··OH2 hydrogen bond (11.9 kcal/mol) and a stronger NH+··OH2 hydrogen bond (15.6 kcal/mol), respectively. Other proton-bound dimers such as pyrimidineH+(CH3OH) and pyrimidineH+(CH3CN) exhibit higher binding energies (18.2 kcal/mol and 22.8 kcal/mol, respectively) due to the higher proton affinities and dipole moments of acetonitrile and methanol as compared towater. The measured collisional cross sections of the proton-bound dimers provide experimental-based support for the DFT calculated structures at the M06-2x/6-311++G (d,p) level. The calculations show that the hydrated pyrimidine radical cation clusters form internally solvated structures in which the water molecules are bonded to the C4N2H4 •+ ion by weak CHδ+··OH2 hydrogen bonds. The hydrated protonated pyrimidine clusters form externally solvatedstructures where the water molecules are bonded to each other and the ion is external to thewater cluster. Dissociative proton transfer reactions C4N2H4 •+(H2O)n−1 + H2O → C4N2H3 • + (H2O)nH+ and C4N2H5 +(H2O)n−1 + H2O → C4N2H4 + (H2O)nH+ are observed for n ≥ 4 where the reactions become thermoneutral or exothermic. The absence of the dissociative proton transfer reaction within the C4N2H5 +(CH3CN)n clusters results from the inability of acetonitrile molecules to form extended hydrogen bonding structures such as those formed by water and methanol due to the presence of the methyl groups which block the extension of hydrogen bonding networks

Waterpipe Smoking among Herat University Students: Prevalence, Attitudes, and Associated Factors

AbstractBackground: Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) is an ancient type of smoking that has become a globalphenomenon. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of waterpipe smoking and its relation tosocio-demographic characteristics in Herat University students in western Afghanistan.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a structured self-administered questionnaire containing 53 items in3 subscales was distributed between July and December 2018, to examine the use of waterpipe among HeratUniversity students. Data were evaluated in SPSS. Chi-square test was used to observe differences betweencategorical variables. All important variables were separately evaluated for men and women in logisticregression models. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Findings: The prevalence of ever waterpipe use in male and female students was 54.1% and 81.8%,respectively. Parents’ higher education and family economic status were associated with higher rates of everwaterpipe use in both sexes. On the other hand, marital status and parents’ employment were not associatedwith waterpipe use. Ever waterpipe use was associated with having smoking friends or family members inboth sexes. Male and female waterpipe users believed that cigarette smoke had more nicotine thanwaterpipe. While more male waterpipe users believed that cigarette was more addictive than waterpipe, morefemale users believed otherwise.Conclusion: The prevalence of ever waterpipe use is higher in male students at Herat University. Having asmoking friend and family member positively influences waterpipe use among both sexes. Most usersbelieved that waterpipe smoking was less hazardous than cigarette smoking

Perundingan negeri Kedah pada masa pemerintahan Sultan Abdul Halim Shah (1882-1943)

Undang-undang adalah mekanisme kawalan dalam sesebuah kerajaan bagi menjamin kemakmuran dan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Pemerintahan Sultan Abdul Halim (1882-1943) di Kedah dijadikan bahan kajian kerana baginda memerintah negeri Kedah selama enam puluh satu tahun. Di samping itu, baginda memerintah Kedah ketika Semenanjung Tanah Melayu sedang diusahakan oleh kuasa-kuasa Barat yang berpengaruh ketika itu untuk dimasukkan dalam rangka sistem kapitalis dunia. Bermula dari tu, berlakulah penerapan pengarauh Inggeris, pertama melalui penasihat Siam berbangsa Inggeris, kedua Penasihat Inggeris dan setelah itu terbentuk pula Majlis Negeri yang memperkenalkan undang-undang mengikut tahap-tahap pemodenan yang diserapkan oleh unsur-unsur luar itu. Undang-undang yang diperkenalkan oleh Sultan Abdul Hamid melalui nasihat Majlis Negeri adalah menifestasi kemasukan ciri-ciri kehidupan moden dalam masyarakat. Melalui socio-legal study, data-data primer mengenai undang-undang yang diperkenalkan telah dikutip melalui dokumentasi Arkib Negara (laporan tahunan, surat, minit, memo dan sebagainya). Data-data sekunder digunakan bagi menyokong peruntukan undang-undang yang diperkenalkan dan juga bagi mendapatkan sumber bagi peruntukan undang-undang yang tidak ditemui dari sumber primer. Dapatan kajian memperlihatkan: Undang-undang yang diperkenalkan oleh Sultan Abdul Hamid (1882 hingga 1905); Undang-undang yang diperkenalkan selepas penubuhan Majlis Negeri dengan kehadiran Penasihat Siam berbangsa Inggeris (1905 hingga 1908); Undang-undang yang diperkenalkan selepas kemantapan Majlis Negeri dengan kehadiran Penasihat Inggeris (1909 hingga 1943); dan, penyusunan pentadbiran kerajaan dan pentadbiran undang-undang negeri Kedah

Epidemiology of Drug Use in Herat – Afghanistan

Background: Drug addiction is one of the alarming public health and social problems in Afghanistan and around the world. Addiction denotes the habitual use or the physical or mental dependence on narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances.Methods: Drug addicts who were admitted to six public addicts’ rehabilitation centers in Herat, Afghanistan between March and July 2019 were recruited for this descriptive study. A total of 299 drug addicts were included in this study. A 77-item questionnaire containing three subscales: 39 items for personal information, 32 items for drug use, and 6 items for dependence and treatment subscale were validated and used for data collection. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows v.22.0 was used for data analyses.Findings: The median age of the participants was 30 years. Of all participants, 79.1% were male, 56.6% were illiterate, and 1.7% were university graduates. In this study, 44.8% of the participants used heroin, 20.7% used opium and 15.4% used methamphetamine. Almost half of the participants (49.5%) declared that at least one member of their families was a drug user. Of the 299 drug users included in this study, 64.9% stated that at least one person close to them (except family members) used drugs. Over two-thirds of the participants (78.4%) had easy access to drugs, 26.8% had broken laws for money/drugs at least once.Conclusion: This study revealed that male illiterate teenagers living in low-economic nuclear families were more vulnerable to drug use in Herat, Afghanistan. The most common reasons for drug use were curiosity, peer influence, and seeking pleasure

Size frequency and length-weight relationships of spined anchovy, Stolephorus tri from the coastal waters of Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia

Study on length-weight relationships of anchovy, Stolephorus tri collected from Benting Lintang (Lat. 5°44'33.62 N and Long. 102°39'22.84 E), the coastal waters of Besut, Terengganu was carried out on June and July 2010. Stolephorus tri are important component of marine ecosystems and commercially significant marine food resources in Malaysia. The mean size length of Stolephorus tri was 63.53 mm with a range of 51.0-76.0 mm. The average weight of Stolephorus tri was 1.57 g. The relationship between total length and body weight of Stolephorus tri was Log W = 3.0384 Log TL-5.2923 (W = 0.00001 TL3.0384). It is revealed that the exponent ‘b’ for Stolephorus tri was very close to the isometric value (b = 3). Therefore, the relative growth of Stolephorus tri was isometric in the coastal waters of Besut, Terengganu