BMI1, stem cell factor acting as novel serum-biomarker for Caucasian and African-American prostate cancer.

Lack of reliable predictive biomarkers is a stumbling block in the management of prostate cancer (CaP). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) widely used in clinics has several caveats as a CaP biomarker. African-American CaP patients have poor prognosis than Caucasians, and notably the serum-PSA does not perform well in this group. Further, some men with low serum-PSA remain unnoticed for CaP until they develop disease. Thus, there is a need to identify a reliable diagnostic and predictive biomarker of CaP. Here, we show that BMI1 stem-cell protein is secretory and could be explored for biomarker use in CaP patients.Semi-quantitative analysis of BMI1 was performed in prostatic tissues of TRAMP (autochthonous transgenic mouse model), human CaP patients, and in cell-based models representing normal and different CaP phenotypes in African-American and Caucasian men, by employing immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting and Slot-blotting. Quantitative analysis of BMI1 and PSA were performed in blood and culture-media of siRNA-transfected and non-transfected cells by employing ELISA. BMI1 protein is (i) secreted by CaP cells, (ii) increased in the apical region of epithelial cells and stromal region in prostatic tumors, and (iii) detected in human blood. BMI1 is detectable in blood of CaP patients in an order of increasing tumor stage, exhibit a positive correlation with serum-PSA and importantly is detectable in patients which exhibit low serum-PSA. The clinical significance of BMI1 as a biomarker could be ascertained from observation that CaP cells secrete this protein in higher levels than cells representative of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).BMI1 could be developed as a dual bio-marker (serum and biopsy) for the diagnosis and prognosis of CaP in Caucasian and African-American men. Though compelling these data warrant further investigation in a cohort of African-American patients

BMI1 Polycomb Group Protein Acts as a Master Switch for Growth and Death of Tumor Cells: Regulates TCF4-Transcriptional Factor-Induced BCL2 Signaling

<div><p>For advanced prostate cancer (CaP), the progression of tumors to the state of chemoresistance and paucity of knowledge about the mechanism of chemoresistance are major stumbling blocks in the management of this disease. Here, we provide compelling evidence that BMI1 polycomb group protein and a stem cell factor plays a crucial role in determining the fate of tumors vis-à-vis chemotherapy. We show that progressive increase in the levels of BMI1 occurs during the progression of CaP disease in humans. We show that BMI1-rich tumor cells are non-responsive to chemotherapy whereas BMI1-silenced tumor cells are responsive to therapy. By employing microarray, ChIP, immunoblot and Luciferase reporter assays, we identified a unique mechanism through which BMI1 rescues tumor cells from chemotherapy. We found that BMI1 regulates (i) activity of TCF4 transcriptional factor and (ii) binding of TCF4 to the promoter region of anti-apoptotic <i>BCL2</i> gene. Notably, an increased TCF4 occupancy on <i>BCL2</i> gene was observed in prostatic tissues exhibiting high BMI1 levels. Using tumor cells other than CaP, we also showed that regulation of TCF4-mediated BCL2 by BMI1 is universal. It is noteworthy that forced expression of BMI1 was observed to drive normal cells to hyperproliferative mode. We show that targeting BMI1 improves the outcome of docetaxel therapy in animal models bearing chemoresistant prostatic tumors. We suggest that BMI1 could be exploited as a potential molecular target for therapeutics to treat chemoresistant tumors.</p></div

(A–B) BMI1 induces TCF4 binding to promoter region of <i>BCL2</i> gene. (C) TCF4 occupancy on <i>BCL2</i> is elevated in malignant prostatic tissues. (D) BMI1 confers chemoresistance to tumors in a mouse model.

<p><b>(A–B)</b> Histogram represents effect of BMI1 expression on TCF4-occupancy on promoter regions of <i>BCL2</i> in PC-3 and HT29 cells as assessed by ChIP assay. <b>(C–D)</b> immunoblot and histogram represents the BMI1 protein expression, and TCF4-occupancy on <i>BCl2 gene</i> in normal and malignant human prostate tissues as assessed by immunoblotting and ChIP assays. Equal loading of proteins was confirmed by ß-actin for immunoblotting. (A–B, D). Each bar represents mean ± SE of three independent experiments. <b>(E–F)</b> The line graph represents average volume of BMI1-overexpressing and BMI1-suppressed tumors as a function of time vis-à-vis docetaxel therapy on in nude mice. <b>(G–H)</b> The line graph shows the number of mice with tumor volumes <1000 mm³ for indicated weeks. Data is represented as mean±SE; * indicates p<0.05.</p

BMI1 protein levels in prostatic tumor tissues of humans and TRAMP transgenic mice.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Photomicrographs represent immunostaining of BMI1 in prostatic tissues of transgenic TRAMP mice. Arrows indicate staining for BMI1. Magnification ×40. (<b>Bi</b>) Photomicrographs show BMI1-positive neoplastic and non-neoplastic regions of prostatic specimens of CaP patients as assessed by immunostaining. Arrows indicate staining for BMI1. Magnification ×40. (<b>Bii</b>) Box plots for BMI1 protein based on score pertain to immunostaining pattern in normal and CaP specimens in stromal region.*, P<0.05; black bar in box, median values.</p

Secretory BMI1 is correlated with its intracellular levels in prostatic tumor cells and is independent of androgen.

<p>(<b>A–F</b>) Figure represents the effect of (A–<b>C</b>) BMI1-silencing and (<b>D–F</b>) BM11-overexpression on the level of secreted BMI1 protein in conditional media of different cells as assessed by ELISA assay. Equal loading of protein was confirmed by reprobing immunoblots for β-actin. Each bar in the histogram represents mean ± SE of 3 independent experiments, *represents P<0.05. (<b>Gi</b>) Figure represents the level of BMI1 protein in androgen (R1881) treated and non-treated CaP cells as assessed by immunoblot analysis. Equal loading of protein was confirmed by reprobing immunoblot for β-actin. (<b>Gii</b>) Histogram showing the densitometry analysis of immunoblots of BMI1. *, P<0.05; black bar in gray box, median values.</p

BMI1 regulates BCL2 expression through activation of TCF-transcriptional activity in tumor cells.

<p><b>(A–B; C–D)</b> Histograms represent the effect of BMI1-overexpression and BM1-silencing on the transcriptional activation of <i>TCF-responsive element</i> in CaP and HT29 cells cells as assessed by luciferase-reporter assays. <b>(E–F)</b> representative immunoblots showing the effect of BMI1-silencing and -overexpression on the levels of BCL2 and Cyclin-D1 proteins in <b>(E)</b> HT29 cells, and (Fi–Fii) CaP cells treated with Cyclopamine (Shh inhibitor) for 12 h. Control cells were treated with DMSO. (G–H) Histogram represents the effect of <b>(G)</b> cyclopamine treatment and (H) TCF silencing on the transcriptional activity of BCL2 promoter in LNCaP, PC3 and HT29 cells. (A–D; G–H), relative luciferase activities were calculated with the values from vector group, and each bar represents mean ± SE of three independent experiments, *represents p<0.05. <b>(E–F)</b> Equal loading of proteins was confirmed by testing immunoblots for ß-actin.</p

BMI1 confers chemoresistance to tumor cells.

<p>Rate of proliferation and apoptosis in cells were determined by 3[H]thymidine uptake and flow cytometery respectively. <b>(A–D)</b> Histograms represents the rate of proliferation in <b>(A–B)</b> LNCaP and <b>(C–D)</b> PC3 cells harboring varied BMI1 levels and treated with chemotherapeutic agents. Vehicle treated cells served as control. <b>(Ei and Fi)</b> immunoblots represent the levels of BMI1, Cyclin-D1 and BCL2 proteins in docetaxel-resistant, and BMI1-silenced docetaxel-resistant cells. (Eii and Fii) Histograms showing the rate of proliferation in docetaxel-resistant, and BMI1-silenced docetaxel-resistant cells. For immunoblot analyses (Figure Ei and Fi), equal loading of proteins was confirmed by ß-actin. (A–D, Eii and Fii) Each bar represents mean ± SE of three independent experiments, * represents P<0.05. <b>(G–H)</b> represents quantitative estimation of apoptosis in BMI1-silencing chemoresistant cells. The lower right quadrant of the FL1/FL2 plot (Annexin V-FITC) represent early apoptosis and the upper right quadrant (labeled with AnnexinV-FITC and PI) represent late apoptosis.</p

BMI1 induces growth of normal primary prostate cells (PrEC) by abolishing senescence and regulates the expression of proliferation-associated genes in CaP cells.

<p><b>(A–B)</b> While PrEC replicated for 5 passages and entered into senescence, BMI1-rich counterparts replicated and avoided senescence upto 8th passages. (A) <b>Inset</b> 400X of magnified areas show senescent morphology features i.e. globular shape and (B) indicate staining for ß-galactosidase. <b>(C)</b> Scattered Plot for qPCR array. The dots indicate gene expression on a log-scale representing the change in BMI1 silenced-LNCaP cells. Fold change (2∧- Delta Ct) is the normalized expression (2∧-Delta Ct) in the BMI-silenced cells divided by the normalized expression of Control. <b>(D and E)</b> Immunoblots represents the effect of BMI1-silencing and BMI1-overexpression on the expression of Cyclin-D1, BCL2 and p16 proteins in cells. The equal loading of protein was confirmed by ß-actin.</p