Historical Change of Neighborhood Community and Marriage Range of Gwembe Tonga in Southern Zambia

社会ネットワークをはじめとする社会関係資本は，人間のレジリアンスの重要な構成要素の１つであり，環境変動へ対応するための社会的基盤となる。しかし社会関係資本は時間経過とともに変容するため，社会ネットワークを静的なものとしてではなく，変化するものとの前提に立つことが理解のために重要である。そのためには，現在のコミュニティーの歴史を理解し，人々のネットワークが周囲といかに関与するか把握することが求められる。ザンビア南部では，ザンベジ川沿いのカリバダム建設に伴い約6 万のトンガ人が強制移住させられた。彼らの出身地は，現在カリバ湖に覆われる，マトンゴ地域である。本件研究の目的は，ダム建設による社会関係資本への影響を把握するため，(1) 旧地縁集団（cisi）ごとの来歴，すなわち村の再定住プロセスを明らかにし，(2)現在の通婚圏を考察することである。カリバダム建設は周辺地域の人々の生活に，直後のみならず，現在まで影響し続けている。特に，強制移住をさせられた人々は，生計環境の悪化によって，いまだに再移住を行う。彼らは，社会ネットワークを新たに構築し，再構築する。これは通婚圏に影響を及ぼす。ダム建設以前，人々は当時の地縁集団（cisi）内で配偶者を見つけ，結婚した。その後，移住を強制された人々は同一cisi の成員ではない，新たな隣人との婚姻を開始した。以降，人々は再移住を続け，通婚圏は更なる変化を続ける。Social capital including social network is an important component of human resilience, i.e. the social capacity to respond to change (Walker et al. 2006). But social capital changes over time and it is important to understand social networks as evolving rather than static. This requires some understanding of the history of present communities and how their networks relate to one another and to those living elsewhere.In southern Zambia, 57,000 of Gwembe Tonga people were resettled involuntarily with the construction of Kariba Dam on the Zambezi River (Scudder, 2005). They refer to their previous residential area now covered by Lake Kariba as Matongo. To understand how social capital has been influenced by construction of Kariab Dam, this study looks (1) at the transitional history of several cisi, (2) and then analyzes the present range of marriage of their members.Resettled people have continued to migrate as resettled area degraded. They have also continued to reconstruct or form new social networks to meet current contingencies. This is reflected in marriage alliance. Prior to resettlement, most marriages were within the neighborhood (cisi). Thereafter, resettled people began to intermarry with people in their new vicinities. Since then people continue to move to new areas and the range of potential marriage partners continue to change

The Importance of Sweet Potatoes in Rural Villages in Southern Province, Zambia

ザンビアにおける食料安全保障を改善するためには、安定したメイズ生産と生産性の向上が重要である。しかし、多くの農民は天水農業下でメイズを栽培しており、メイズに偏重した作付けは干ばつや過度の降雨に脆弱である。したがって、気候変動に直面しながら食料安全保障を成し遂げるには、作物の多様性を増すことが重要となる。サツマイモは自家消費用食料、ならびに世帯の現金収入源として大きな可能性があるといわれている。そこで、本研究では、ザンビア南部州農村地帯の3 サイトにおいて、サツマイモ品種についての農民の知識を理解すること、また、サツマイモの生産と消費を明らかにすることを目的とした。サツマイモは雨季、乾季ともに栽培されているが、その栽培割合は季節間、サイト間で異なっている。農民へのインタビューの結果、22 種類ものサツマイモ品種があることが判明したが、彼らの多くは1 種類も回答することができなかった。また、確認された22 種類のうち栽培されていたのは10 種類に過ぎなかった。調査した3サイトのうち1 サイトでは、特にサツマイモ生産が盛んにおこなわれていたが、そのサイトでのさらなる調査の結果、サツマイモの塊根は主に朝食として利用されており、1 年間の全食事を通じてみると、1 週間に2 回程度消費されていた。消費は収穫直後に最も高く、徐々に減少した。サツマイモの葉は、ほとんど消費されていないこともわかった。サツマイモ販売による売り上げ額は高く、１年間当たりの売り上げで大人7.4 人分の主食（メイズの粗挽き粉）を購入できることがわかった。Stable maize production and increased productivity are important for improved food security in Zambia. Because most farmers cultivate maize under rain-fed agriculture, however, a maize monoculture is vulnerable to drought or excessive rainfall. Increasing the diversification of crops and crop varieties is therefore important to achieve food security in the face of a changing climate. The sweet potato is an important secondary food in Zambia and has great potential both as a crop for consumption and as a source of income. The aim of the study was to determine farmers’ familiarity with sweet potato varieties and their features and to clarify production and consumption patterns in a rural area in Southern Province, Zambia. Field studies and farmer interviews were conducted at three sites. Farmers in the study area planted sweet potato in both the rainy and dry seasons, but sweet potato production varied between planting seasons and among the three study sites. As a group, farmers were able to identify a total of 22 sweet potato varieties, but many farmers were not able to identify a single variety, and only 10 of the 22 identified varieties were actually cultivated in the study area. Sweet potato production was much greater at one site. Further study of some households at this site indicated that sweet potato tubers were consumed about twice a week, most commonly for breakfast. Consumption was highest during and immediately after the harvest and then gradually decreased. Sweet potato leaves were rarely consumed. Annual sweet potato sales per person generated sufficient income at this site to purchase enough mealiemeal (a local staple food) to feed 7.4 adults for a year

Momentum-Dependent Hybridization Gap and dispersive in-gap state of The Kondo Semiconductor SmB6

We report the temperature-dependent three-dimensional angle-resolved photoemission spectra of the Kondo semiconductor SmB$_6$. We found a difference in the temperature dependence of the peaks at the X and $\Gamma$ points, due to hybridization between the Sm 5d conduction band and the nearly localized Sm 4f state. The peak intensity at the X point has the same temperature dependence as the valence transition below 120 K, while that at the $\Gamma$ point is consistent with the magnetic excitation at Q=(0.5,0.5,0.5) below 30 K. This suggests that the hybridization with the valence transition mainly occurs at the X point, and the initial state of the magnetic excitation is located at the $\Gamma$ point.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Electronic-Structure-Driven Magnetic Ordering in a Kondo Semiconductor CeOs2Al10

We report the anisotropic changes in the electronic structure of a Kondo semiconductor CeOs$_2$Al$_{10}$ across an anomalous antiferromagnetic ordering temperature ($T_0$) of 29 K, using optical conductivity spectra. The spectra along the $a$- and $c$-axes indicate that a $c$-$f$ hybridization gap emerges from a higher temperature continuously across $T_0$. Along the b-axis, on the other hand, a different energy gap with a peak at 20 meV appears below 39 K, which is higher temperature than $T_0$, because of structural distortion. The onset of the energy gap becomes visible below $T_0$. Our observation reveals that the electronic structure as well as the energy gap opening along the b-axis due to the structural distortion induces antiferromagnetic ordering below $T_0$.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Electronic inhomogeneity in EuO: Possibility of magnetic polaron states

We have observed the spatial inhomogeneity of the electronic structure of a single-crystalline electron-doped EuO thin film with ferromagnetic ordering by employing infrared magneto-optical imaging with synchrotron radiation. The uniform paramagnetic electronic structure changes to a uniform ferromagnetic structure via an inhomogeneous state with decreasing temperature and increasing magnetic field slightly above the ordering temperature. One possibility of the origin of the inhomogeneity is the appearance of magnetic polaron states.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Influence of Deposition Condition on Y 2

Y2O3 nanoparticle suspension aqueous solution was prepared using citric acid. Then, Y2O3 film was deposited using this solution with pulsed electrophoretic deposition (EPD). A dense Y2O3 film of 25.7 μm thickness was obtained with deposition conditions of 0.5 wt% Y2O3 concentration, bias voltage of 0.5 V, and bias frequency of 1 kHz. The respective resistivities of the as-deposited film and films heat-treated at 200°C and 400°C were 2.84 × 103 Ω·cm, 5.36 × 104 Ω·cm, and 2.05 × 106 Ω·cm. A 59.8 μm thick dense Y2O3 film was obtained using two-step deposition with change of the bias voltage: a first step of 0.5 V and a second step of 2.0 V

Characterization of sulfate mineral deposits in central Thailand

In this paper we present petrographic and geochemical data of sulfate mineral deposits in northeast Nakhon Sawan, central Thailand, and provide new constraints on their age. The deposits are made up mainly of strongly deformed nodular and massive gypsum in the upper part, and less deformed layered anhydrite in the lower part. They are intruded by andesitic dikes that contain Middle Triassic zircons (ca 240 Ma). These dikes are probably part of the regional magmatic activity of the Sukhothai Arc during the Early to Middle Triassic. Sulfur (δ34S) and strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotopic compositions of the sulfates range from 15.86‰ to 16.26‰ and from 0.70810 to 0.70817, respectively. Comparisons with the Phanerozoic seawater isotopic evolution curve indicate that those values are best explained by precipitation of the sulfates from Carboniferous seawater, in particular seawater of late Mississippian age (ca 326 Ma), and this would be consistent with previous studies of calcareous fossils in the limestones that crop out around this site. Our interpretation is that evaporitic gypsum was originally precipitated from hypersaline seawater on a shallow lagoon or shelf on the Khao Khwang Platform during the Serpukhovian, and that this gypsum changed to anhydrite during early burial. The anhydrite was then cut by andesitic dikes during the Middle Triassic, and more recently the upper part of which was rehydrated during exhumation to form secondary gypsum near the surface