Nutrition, Exercise, and Pharmaceutical Therapies for Sarcopenic Obesity

Sarcopenia is characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, with a risk of adverse outcomes such as physical disability, poor quality of life, and death. Sarcopenic obesity is defined as having both sarcopenia and obesity, a condition reported to be associated with a higher risk for adverse outcomes including functional disability, frailty, poor quality of life, longer hospitalization, and higher mortality rates. The definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenia have been described by several working groups on the disease; however, there is no standardized definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity. In this review, we summarize nutrition, exercise, and pharmaceutical therapies for counteracting sarcopenic obesity in humans. Although there are some pharmaceutical therapies for both sarcopenia (i.e., testosterone, growth hormone, ghrelin, and vitamin D) and obesity (orlistat, lorcaserin, phentermine-topiramate, and vitamin D), therapies combining nutrition and exercise remain the first-line choice for preventing and treating sarcopenic obesity. Resistance training combined with supplements containing amino acids are considered most effective for treating sarcopenia. Low-calorie, high-protein diets combined with aerobic exercise and resistance training are recommended for preventing and treating obesity. Therefore, nutrition therapies (low-calorie, high-protein diets, protein and amino acid supplementation) and exercise therapies (resistance training and aerobic exercise) would be expected to be the most effective option for preventing and treating sarcopenic obesity. In cases of severe sarcopenic obesity or failure to achieve muscle gain and weight loss through nutrition and exercise therapies, it is necessary to add pharmaceutical therapies to treat the condition

Purification and Some Properties of Three Components of Endo-Polygalacturonase from Irpex lacteus - Polyporus tulipiferae

Article信州大学工学部紀要 57: 11-26 (1985)departmental bulletin pape

Impact of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation nutrition team on evaluating sarcopenia, cachexia and practice of rehabilitation nutrition

Background/Aims : To determine whether the presence of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation nutrition team affects sarcopenia and cachexia evaluation and practice of rehabilitation nutrition. Methods : A cross-sectional study using online questionnaire among members of the Japanese Association of Rehabilitation Nutrition (JARN) was conducted. Questions were related to sarcopenia and cachexia evaluation and practice of rehabilitation nutrition. Results : 677 (14.7%) questionnaires were analysed. 44.5% reported that their institution employed a rehabilitation nutrition team, 20.2% conducted rehabilitation nutrition rounds and 26.1% conducted rehabilitation nutrition meetings. A total of 51.7%, 69.7%, 69.0% and 17.8% measured muscle mass, muscle strength, physical function and cachexia, respectively. For those with a rehabilitation nutrition team, 63.5%, 80.7%, 82.4% and 22.9% measured muscle mass, muscle strength, physical function and cachexia, respectively, whereas 46.7%, 78.0% and 78.1% of the respondents reported implementation of nutrition planning strategies in consideration of energy accumulation, rehabilitation training in consideration of nutritional status and use of dietary supplements, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the use of a rehabilitation nutrition team independently affected sarcopenia evaluation and practice of rehabilitation nutrition but not cachexia evaluation. Conclusions : The presence of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation nutrition team increased the frequency of sarcopenia evaluation and practice of rehabilitation nutrition

Sarcopenic Dysphagia and Simplified Rehabilitation Nutrition Care Process: An Update

Sarcopenic dysphagia is characterized by weakness of swallowing-related muscles associated with whole-body sarcopenia. As the number of patients with sarcopenia increases with the aging of the world, the number of patients with sarcopenic dysphagia is also increasing. The prevalence of sarcopenic dysphagia is high in the institutionalized older people and in patients hospitalized for pneumonia with dysphagia in acute care hospitals. Prevention, early detection and intervention of sarcopenic dysphagia with rehabilitation nutrition are essential. The diagnosis of sarcopenic dysphagia is based on skeletal and swallowing muscle strength and muscle mass. A reliable and validated diagnostic algorithm for sarcopenic dysphagia is used. Sarcopenic dysphagia is associated with malnutrition, which leads to mortality and Activities of Daily Living (ADL) decline. The rehabilitation nutrition approach improves swallowing function, nutrition status, and ADL. A combination of aggressive nutrition therapy to improve nutrition status, dysphagia rehabilitation, physical therapy, and other interventions can be effective for sarcopenic dysphagia. The rehabilitation nutrition care process is used to assess and problem solve the patient’s pathology, sarcopenia, and nutrition status. The simplified rehabilitation nutrition care process consists of a nutrition cycle and a rehabilitation cycle, each with five steps: assessment, diagnosis, goal setting, intervention, and monitoring. Nutrition professionals and teams implement the nutrition cycle. Rehabilitation professionals and teams implement the rehabilitation cycle. Both cycles should be done simultaneously. The nutrition diagnosis of undernutrition, overnutrition/obesity, sarcopenia, and goal setting of rehabilitation and body weight are implemented collaboratively

Prevalence of nutritional risk and its impact on functional recovery in older inpatients on maintenance hemodialysis: a retrospective single-center cohort study

Abstract Background Poor nutritional status and functional impairment are common in patients with end-stage renal disease (ERSD) on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Although nutritional status is associated with functional dependence and rehabilitation outcome in several diseases, this association remains unclear in patients with ESRD. The aim of this study was to investigate nutritional risk and its impact on rehabilitation outcomes in MHD inpatients who required rehabilitation. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed in 57 consecutive MHD inpatients aged 65 or older who had undergone rehabilitation. The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) was used to assess nutritional risk and was calculated from height, dry body weight, and serum albumin level at the start of rehabilitation. Nutritional risk was defined as a GNRI < 91.2. The activities of daily living were used as a measure of rehabilitation outcome and were assessed by the Barthel Index (BI) at the start of rehabilitation and discharge. The Mann-Whitney U test and multiple regression analysis were performed. In the multiple regression analysis, BI gain was the dependent variable and age, sex, and GNRI were the independent variables. Results The study included 34 men and 23 women. Mean (± SD) GNRI was 79.8 ± 9.9. Of the 57 patients, 50 (87.7%) were identified as having a nutritional risk and 7 were not. The gain in BI was significantly higher in patients without nutritional risk (median 50 vs. 10, p = 0.03). Multiple regression analysis showed GNRI was associated independently with BI gain (R 2 = 0.14, β = 0.29, p = 0.03). Conclusions The majority of the MHD patients who underwent rehabilitation had a nutritional risk. Nutritional risk was associated independently with functional recovery

Rehabilitation nutrition support for a hemodialysis patient with protein-energy wasting and sarcopenic dysphagia: a case report

Abstract Background Patients with end-stage renal failure may exhibit sarcopenia and protein-energy wasting (PEW). We report a case of improvement in physical function, muscle mass, and muscle strength by management of rehabilitation nutrition in a maintenance hemodialysis patient with PEW and sarcopenia. Case presentation A 60-year-old man with an 8-year history of dialysis was admitted for pneumococcal meningitis. When he was transferred for rehabilitation 36 days following the onset, he was transferred to our hospital for rehabilitation and hemodialysis. On admission, energy intake was 1200 kcal/day, via a nasogastric tube, due to sarcopenic dysphagia. He was diagnosed with PEW, based on results from a biochemical examination, physical examination, and his low dietary intake. His height, dry weight, body mass index, Mini Nutritional Assessment-Short Form, albumin, C-reactive protein, and Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index were 166 cm, 46.5 kg, 16.9 kg/m2, 1 point, 2.1 g/dL, 0.22 mg/dL, and 63, respectively, indicating malnutrition. He was also diagnosed with sarcopenia because of low muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical function. Functional Independence Measure (FIM) was 58 points (motor 27, cognition 31). He was improved by a combination of rehabilitation including activities of daily living training, swallowing training, and nutrition management. Nutritional requirement was 1752 kcal/day of energy and 55.5 g/day (1.2 g/kg/day) of protein. Energy intake was added energy accumulation (300 kcal/day) to improve muscle mass and strength. On day 108, he was discharged to go home, he could walk outdoors, and his sarcopenic dysphagia improved. Conclusion Aggressive management of rehabilitation nutrition to increase dry weight may improve PEW and sarcopenic dysphagia in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis