ベトナム農村部および都市部における食事摂取状況調査

The purpose of the present study is to clarify the existence of problems related to eating habits and nutritional insufficiency in Vietnamese urban and farm village inhabitants, and to get information that can aid in making nutritional improvements. From the food-frequency questionnaire and household economy survey, we learned that households in a Vietnamese farm village are different from those in an urban region in several ways: 1) they have relatively big families, 2) there are few seniors, 3) they have few kinds of kitchen utensils, 4) they dont have electrical appliances such as refrigerators and electric rice cookers, 5) they use well water and rainwater for washing, drinking and cooking, 6) their staple food is rice, 7) they tend not to eat tubers, peanuts, corn, and wheat, 8) they customarily eat pork and chicken but hardly consume any beef or dairy products, 9) they eat tofu comparatively frequently, 10) they eat vegetables every day but do not eat fruits frequently, 11) the average body mass index (BMI) of residents between 10-19 years old was low: 16.2±2.0. Using these results, we considered the risk of inhabitants of the farm village area falling into malnutrition during periods of economic growth. No apparent risks were observed in the urban region. Nutrition education and nourishment guidance for the inhabitants in the farm village to improve their nutritional status are necessary. In particular, it is necessary to increase the intake of potatoes, corn, wheat and grains other than rice in adulthood, and it is necessary for infants to take more calories and animal protein

〔研究ノート〕慢性腎臓病発症閉経モデルラットにおける 酸化障害，抗酸化能に対する 食餌アーモンドペースト投与の影響

　　The present study was carried out to find out the protective effects on oxidation disorders in menopausal model rats with chronic kidney disease （CKD） of a diet supplemented with almond paste. Nine-week-old female rats were divided into 3 groups: Control, AL, and Intact groups. The rats in the Control group and the rats in the AL group received 360 mg/kg BW of adenine intragastrically for 4 consecutive days so that they would develop CKD. After 7 days of recovery, the 3 groups of rats received ovariectomies （OVX） under anesthesia.　　Beginning three days after the OVX, for 8 weeks, the rats were given 13g per day of 20％ casein protein diet supplemented with 0％ almond paste （for the Control group and the Intact group） or 0.5％ almond paste （for AL group）. All the rats were killed under anesthesia and their TBARS in liver and kidney, BAP and dROM in serum, and some biochemical parameters in serum and urine were measured and the values of the AL group and the Control group were compared.　　Both groups showed 1） no significant differences in body weight changes, organ weights and blood analyses. The AL group showed 2） 22％ lower value in serum creatinine concentration, 3） 28.5％ higher value in creatinine clearance, 4） significantly higher value of TBARS in the liver. And the two groups showed 5） no significant differences in BAP and d-ROM values.　　From the above results, the authors conclude that the almond paste supplemented diet did not have significant influence on the degrees of the lipid peroxidation, the oxidation stress and the anti-oxidation ability of the menopausal model rats with CKD used in this study. On the other hand, it may be possible to improve renal function in menopausal model rats with CKD using a diet supplemented with almond paste

〔研究ノート〕卵巣摘除された慢性腎臓病モデルラットの骨代謝維持に 対する食餌アルギニンあるいは大豆イソフラボン抽出物 投与の有効性評価に関する基礎的研究

The present study was carried out to elucidate the protective effects of dietary L-arginine and soy isoflavone-extracted on the bone metabolism in the ovariectomized chronic kidney disease model rats.　　Nine-week-old female rats received 360mg/kg BW of adenine intragastrally for four consecutive days so that they would develop chronic kidney disease（CKD）. After six days of recovery, rats received ovariectomies（OVX）under anesthesia. A sham operation was carried out on another group of rats（group Intact）.　　Seven days after the OVX, the rats were given either a control diet（20％ casein protein diet（group CA）; 0.5％ L-arginine supplemented diet（group Arg）; or 0.20％ soy isoflavone-extracted supplemented diet（group IF）, 13g per day for 12 weeks. Rats in group Intact were, like group CA, given the control diet.　　The results were as follows: 1）Group CA developed moderate chronic kidney disease which was manifested as elevated kidney weight, increased serum creatinine, relatively lower creatinine clearance and reduced femoral-BMD than that of group Intact.2）The L-Arginine supplemented diet did not improve renal function and femoral BMD-loss. But, increased mRNA expression levels of IGF-1, BMP-2 and Osterix were observed in the femurs.3）Soy isoflavone-extracted supplemented diet had no preventative effects on BMD loss, although estrogen receptor-beta mRNA expression levels in the femurs were elevated.　　From these results, bone-protective functions of L-arginine via activation of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation process were suggested. Further investigation to clarify the efficacy of L-arginine-IGF-1 signal transduction on the bone metabolism is required to determine whether a therapy based on this approach can help people suffering from osteoporosis in CKD patients

〔報 文〕食事性L-Arginineの骨構造および骨代謝関連遺伝子発現調節に対する影響

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the beneficial effects of dietary L-Arginine as a bone-protective factor based on the bone microstructural properties and the mRNA expression levels of genes related to the bone metabolism and L-Arginine level in ovariectomized 24-month-old female Wistar rats. The rats were allowed free access to water containing 0%(OVX-C)or 2% L-Arginine(OVX-Arg)as their only drinking water for 13 weeks. All rats were fed a commercial stock diet ad libitum during the experimental period. No significant differences were observed in the body weights, the results of blood biochemical analyses, or the organ weights in comparisons between the OVX-C and OVX-Arg groups. The OVX-Arg group showed 1)higher(but not significantly higher)values in bone mineral density(BMD)and the bone microstructure analysis, 2)significantly higher mRNA expression levels of BMP-2, RANKL, Insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1), and CAT-1, which is a transporter of L-Arg, in the rat femur, 3)relatively higher mRNA expression levels of estrogen receptor- (ER- )and endotherial nitric oxide synthase(eNOS), compared to the OVX-C group. These results suggest that dietary L-Arginine promotes bone remodeling and bone formation by increasing the ER- -eNOS-NO signaling pathway in 24-month-old, ovariectomized female Wistar rats

骨の構造変化に対する大豆イソフラボン抽出物投与の影響 : 第2報 皮質骨における微小構造変化

食事性骨粗鬆症抑制因子としての大豆イソフラボンの有用性を骨構造解析から明らかにする目的で,骨粗鬆症モデルラットに2.5%大豆イソフラボン混合物添加食を12週間投与した。その結果,コントロール(OVX-CA群)に比べて大豆イソフラボン摂取群では,1)ラットの子宮重量は増加しなかった。2)CT値はほとんど影響を受けなかった。3)平均骨幅やランレングスなど,骨構造は増加しなかった。4)骨強度を示す指標であるSMI値およびPMI値は,いずれも高値傾向を示した。以上から,大豆イソフラボンは,骨密度増加効果とは別に骨強度維持に対して有効である可能性が示された。In order to elucidate the usefulness of dietary soybean-isoflavone as the anti-osteoporotic agent in the view of bone-microarchitectural analyses, experimental diet supplemented with 2.5% soybean-isoflavone (group OVX-IFH) were given to the ovariectomized adult rats for 12 weeks. Consequently, 1) No significant differences were observed in Euler, Run Length, CT-value, S-Areas, PM and B-thickness in cortical bone of soybean-isoflavone treated rats than that of the control rats. 2) Relatively higher values in SMI and PMI value in the cortical bone of soybean-isoflavone treated rats than that of the control rats were observed in the distal femur. From these results, we concluded that the soybean-isoflavone has beneficial effects on maintaining the mechanical strength of femoral cortical-bone in OVX rats, even though the condition under bone mineral had not increased

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食事性骨粗鬆症予防因子としての大豆イソフラボンの効果を,破骨細胞のアポトーシス関連遺伝子発現調節レベルで観察する目的で,骨粗鬆症モデルラットに0.2%大豆イソフラボン添加食を約12週間投与した。その結果,コントロール群であるCA群に比べて,大豆イソフラボン添加食を与えたIF群は,(1)子宮重量およびその他の臓器重量は増加せず,副作用は観察されなかった。(2)大腿骨の骨密度の低下は抑制される傾向を示した。(3)破骨細胞のアポトーシスを直接的に促進するBimの発現量は有意に増加した。以上のことから,大豆イソフラボンによる骨密度低下抑制効果は,破骨細胞の増殖,活性化の抑制だけでなく,アポトーシスを促進することにも起因する可能性が示唆された。There are many reports that isoflavone can prevent osteoclast proliferation and activation, but its signaling pathway in relation to osteoclastic apoptosis is still unclear. To determine the effect of soybean isoflavone as the anti-osteoporotic agent in view of osteoclastic apoptosis, Bim expression that has a key role for osteoclastic apoptosis was measured in femur distal of ovariectomized female aging rats fed 0.2% soybean isoflavone supplemented diet (group-IF) for about 12 weeks. As a result, the isoflavone fed rats showed that 1) no change in some organ weights including the uterus was -observed, 2) decreases in femoral-bone mineral density (BMD) by OVX were prevented, 3) mRNA expression of Bim that promote osteoclastic apoptosis was increased significantly compared with the control group. The results suggested that the bone-protective effects by soybean isoflavone feeding may attribute, in part, to promote osteoclastic apoptosis

〔総 説〕グローバル・ヘルスの課題としての妊産婦栄養

The targets for reduction of maternal and child mortality in the Millennium Development Goals will not be reached by the end of 2015. Addressing maternal malnutrition is one of the most important means of reducing maternal and child mortality; however, progress in addressing this issue has been delayed in developing countries. This is because the relationship between maternal nutrition and maternal, perinatal, and neonatal mortality has not been well understood, and, as a result, addressing maternal malnutrition has not been a priority in the field of global health. With this in mind, we are going to review recent studies focusing on how maternal nutrition has affected maternal, perinatal and neonatal mortality and attempt to identify actions that need to be taken to prevent maternal malnutrition in developing countries. Pregnant women need to take in balanced energy/protein food to maintain weight gains suitable to their BMIs before pregnancy or in the first phase of pregnancy. In food-insecure regions, nutritious food supplementation may be helpful in some cases. However, a careful application of nutritious food supplementation for pregnant women, especially those whose height is less than 1.5m, is necessary since they may face a higher risk of obstructed labor as a result of increased fetal size. Iron supplementation to control anemia in pregnant women is the most significant measure in contributing to the prevention of maternal mortality, postpartum hemorrhage, neonatal mortality and low birth weight. It has been demonstrated that calcium deficiency increases a risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, and premature births. In order to prevent these health problems, pregnant women need to increase calcium intake. Those living in areas where calcium deficiency is common should take special care. It is recommended that calcium should be supplemented according to WHO guidelines. The impact of vitamin A supplementation on the mortality and morbidity of pregnant women remains unclear. However, a low-level dose of vitamin A has been given to pregnant women in areas where night blindness is prevalent among women and children. In addition, supplementation in the form of multi-micronutrient powder has decreased the risk of low birth-weight. While the use of multi-micronutrient powder by pregnant women is recommended by some scientists, WHO indicates that further studies are needed to obtain clear evidence for the efficacy and the safety of the use of multi-micronutrient powder by pregnant women. We believe that nutritional status for pregnant women should be improved through food-based approaches as much as possible. It is necessary to assess what kinds of nutritional deficiencies are observed in pregnant women in their communities, and whether the key foods for preventing nutritional problems are available or accessible in their communities. If these essential foods are potentially available, it is important to address nutritional problems through improving food production with agricultural modification and/or nutrition education by trained health workers. But if obtaining the minimum amount of essential foods is not attainable, programs to provide supplements of necessary micronutrients or balanced energy/protein food should be undertaken. Children under five and pregnant and lactating women should have the highest priority in receiving such services

〔研究ノート〕慢性腎臓病モデルラットの骨密度維持に対する食餌アルギニンあるいは大豆イソフラボン抽出物投与の有効性評価に関する基礎的研究

The present study was carried out to determine whether dietary isoflavone and arginine could preserve the renal function and prevent renal injury and bone mineral density loss in the chronic kidney disease model rat. We orally administered 360mg/kg BW of adenine suspended in methylcellulose to ten-week-old male Wistar rats for six days to generate a chronic kidney disease(CKD)model. As a control, methylcellulose alone was administered to another group of rats(Intact). The rats received 15g/day of either the control diet(group CA)or the experimental diet supplemented with isoflavone(group IF)or L-Arginine(group Arg)or isoflavone plus L-Arginine simultaneously(group IFA)for 10 weeks. Group CA still showed the symptoms of chronic kidney disease, such as renal swelling, a decreased CCr, elevated BUN and increased urinary NAG activity compared to the Intact rats that had not received adenine treatment. The results were as follows: Compared with group CA, 1)Group IF showed a higher femoral cancellous-BMD, but no improvement in the renal function estimated by the CCr and BUN or the renal injury levels estimated by the urinary protein excretion and urinary NAG activity. 2)Group Arg showed a higher CCr, lower BUN and lower urinary protein excretion; however, the femoral cancellous-BMD did not increase. 3)Group IFA showed a lower urinary protein excretion level and urinary NAG activity and higher femoral cancellous-BMD. These results suggest that isoflavone and arginine are effective dietary agents for suppressing renal failure and maintaining the BMD in a rat model of chronic kidney disease

大豆イソフラボン抽出物が骨代謝調節に及ぼす影響 : ラット大腿骨遠位端における破骨細胞分化関連遺伝子の発現

イソフラボンの骨量低下抑制作用の作用機序を解明する目的で骨粗鬆症モデルラットに,2週間,大豆イソフラボン抽出物添加食を与え,骨に及ぼす大豆イソフラボン摂取の影響および大腿骨におけるBMP-2,OPGのmRNA発現に対する影響を観察した。その結果,コントロール群に比べて大豆イソフラボン摂取群では,(1)ラットの子宮重量およびその他の臓器重量を増加しなかった。(2)ラットの腰椎骨密度および骨塩量は高くなる傾向を示した。(3)BMP-2のmRNA発現の抑制が観察された。(4)OPGのmRNA発現の促進がみられた。以上の結果から,食餌イソフラボンの骨量低下抑制作用は,OPGによる破骨細胞形成抑制によってもたらされていることが,in vivoの実験で示唆された。The purpose of this study is to clarify the mechanism that prevents the bone resorption by isoflavone in the rat. Ovariectomized osteoporosis model rats were given an experimental diet supplemented with 0% (OVX-CA, sham), 1.0% soybean isoflavone (OVX-IFH), 0.5% soybean isoflavone (OVX-IFL) for 12 weeks. As a result, dietary isoflavone showed that 1) the weight of the uterus and other organs was not increased. 2) higher femoral bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) were observed. 3) BMP-2 and OPG mRNA expression were increased. From these results, the authors suggest that the reduced osteoclastogenesis might be due to OPG expression by dietary isoflavone