Dynamic Tax Competition under Asymmetric Productivity of Public Capital

We here expand the static tax competition models in symmetric small regions, which were indicated by Zodrow and Mieszkowski (1986) and Wilson (1986), to a dynamic tax competition model in large regions, taking consideration of the regional asymmetry of productivity of public capital and the existence of capital accumulation. The aim of this paper is to verify how the taxation policy affects asymmetric equilibrium based on a simulation analysis using an overlapping generations model in two regions. It is assumed that the public capital as a public input is formed on the basis of the capital tax of local governments and the lump-sum tax of the central government. As demonstrated in related literature, the optimal capital tax rate should become zero when the lump-sum tax is imposed only on older generations, however, the optimal tax rate may become positive when it is imposed proportionally on younger and older generations. In the asymmetric equilibrium, several cooperative solutions can possibly exist which can achieve a higher welfare standard than the actualized cooperative solution either in Region1 or 2

How Diet Influences Breast Cancer Risk: Analysis of Tissue Fat, Nutrients, and a Dietary Pattern among High-Risk Women

Background: An estimated one in eight women will develop breast cancer. Heredity, time, lifestyle, and chance determine whether and when someone develops the disease. Importantly, behavior explains the majority of the variation in breast cancer risk. Understanding how diet influences breast cancer risk empowers women with accurate information to make healthy decisions. Unfortunately, among all food, beverage, and supplement choices, there is only consensus that drinking more alcohol increases risk. Methods: Seventy women (36 premenopausal and 34 postmenopausal) from the Breast Cancer Prevention Center, a research clinic for those with high-risk, had their benign breast tissue analyzed for evidence of cytologic atypia, which is a biomarker for short-term risk of breast cancer development. The fatty acid composition of several lipid compartments of their blood and breast tissue was analyzed by gas chromatography. Their nutrient and food consumption was estimated using the National Cancer Institute's food frequency questionnaire. The dietary differences between women with atypia and those without evidence of atypia were assessed by comparing (1) tissue fatty acid content by the Mann-Whitney U test, (2) nutrient and food intake by logistic regression after accounting for energy intake, and (3) dietary patterns derived from principal components analysis by logistic regression. Results: Participants consumed ~10 times more n-6 polyunsaturated (PUFA) than n-3 PUFA. Compared to women without atypia, those with atypia had significantly lower n-3 PUFA in their red blood cells and circulating phospholipids, as well as lower total n-3:n-6 PUFA ratios in lipid compartments reflecting recent and long-term intake (all P<0.05). Among premenopausal women, greater consumption of niacin, pyridoxine, folate, vitamin B12, vitamin D, &#945;- tocopherol, selenium, n-3 PUFA, "other vegetables," fish, and soy predicted a lower likelihood of atypia, while higher glycemic load and intake of added sugar, and trans fat were associated with evidence of atypia (all P<0.05). Higher intake of &#948;-tocopherol and "other fruit" were associated with atypia among postmenopausal women (P<0.05). The protective associations of n-3 PUFA and soy intake were only detected for premenopausal participants (both interactions: P=0.001). A Modern-Traditional dietary pattern was identified, with positive scores indicating a more Traditional diet of vegetables, fish, and poultry, and negative scores reflecting a more Modern diet of grains, added sugar, trans fat, and dairy. A more Traditional dietary pattern was associated with (a) higher n-3 PUFA in blood, (b) lower n-6 PUFA in blood and breast tissue, and (c) lower levels of industrially-produced trans fatty acids in blood and adipose (all P<0.05). Each standard deviation increase in Modern-Traditional dietary pattern score was associated with 50% lower odds of atypia (95% CI: 0.26 to 0.88), with a stronger effect among younger participants (interaction for age: P=0.05). Conclusions: Inadequate intake of n-3 PUFA relative to n-6 PUFA may increase the risk of developing breast cancer. Dietary intake of nutrients and foods were more strongly associated with atypia status among premenopausal compared to postmenopausal participants, particularly for n-3 PUFA and soy. A dietary pattern validated by tissue fat content was associated with short-term breast cancer risk among younger women. Taken together a diet with a higher density of nutrients from fish, poultry, and vegetables may protect against breast tumor formation, especially for younger women

Alpha-cluster structure and density wave in oblate nuclei

Pentagon and triangle shapes in Si-28 and C-12 are discussed in relation with nuclear density wave. In the antisymmetrized molecular dynamics calculations, the $K^\pi=5^-$ band in Si-28 and the $K^\pi=3^-$ band in C-12 are described by the pentagon and triangle shapes, respectively. These negative-parity bands can be interpreted as the parity partners of the $K^\pi=0^+$ ground bands and they are constructed from the parity-asymmetric-intrinsic states. The pentagon and the triangle shapes originate in 7alpha and 3alpha cluster structures, respectively. In a mean-field picture, they are described also by the static one-dimensional density wave at the edge of the oblate states. In analysis with ideal alpha cluster models using Brink-Bloch cluster wave functions and that with a simplified model, we show that the static edge density wave for the pentagon and triangle shapes can be understood by spontaneous breaking of axial symmetry, i.e., the instability of the oblate states with respect to the edge density wave. The density wave is enhanced in the Z=N nuclei due to the proton-neutron coherent density waves, while it is suppressed in Z\ne N nuclei.Comment: 23 pages, 8 figure