Long-term stress-strain response of chalk:a micro-mechanical interpretation

A long-term laboratory test programme of conventional compression and extension tests was carried out with test durations from 8 to 22-months, in a purpose built environmentally controlled facility, with specially designed loading frames and modified triaxial cells. In addition, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques were employed in an effort to investigate the micro-mechanical res-ponse. Creep strains appeared to trigger an ageing process that produces elevated post-creep strength and stiffness irrespective of the ap-plied stress path

Application of reservoir characterization and advanced technologies to improve recovery and economics in a lower quality shallow shelf Sand Andreas Reservoir: Quarterly technical report, January 1, 1997--March 31, 1997

The Class 2 Project at West Welch was designed to demonstrate the use of advanced technologies to enhance the economics of improved oil recovery (IOR) projects in lower quality Shallow Shelf Carbonate (SSC) reservoirs, resulting in recovery of additional oil that would otherwise be left in the reservoir at project abandonment. Accurate reservoir description is critical to the effective evaluation and efficient design of IOR projects in the heterogeneous SSC reservoirs. Therefore, the majority of Budget Period 1 was devoted to reservoir characterization. Technologies being demonstrated include: l.Advanced petrophysics 1547 2.Three-dimensional (3-D) seismic 3.Cross-well bore tomography 4.Advanced reservoir simulation 5.Carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) stimulation treatments 6.Hydraulic fracturing design and monitoring 7. Mobility control agents SUMMARY OF TECHNICAL PROGRESS West Welch Unit is one of four large waterflood units in the Welch Field in the northwestern portion of Dawson County, Texas. The Welch Field was discovered in the early 1940`s and produces oil under a solution gas drive mechanism from the San Andres formation at approximately 4800 ft. The field has been under waterflood for 30 years and a significant portion has been infill-drilled on 20-ac density. A 1982- 86 Pilot C0{sub 2} injection project in the offsetting South Welch Unit yielded positive results. Recent installation of a C0{sub 2} pipeline near the field allowed the phased development of a miscible CO injection project at the South Welch Unit

Photolithographic Patterning of C2C12 Myotubes using Vitronectin as Growth Substrate in Serum-Free Medium

The C2C12 cell line is frequently used as a model of skeletal muscle differentiation. In our serum-free defined culture system differentiation of C2C12 cells into myotubes required surface-bound signals such as substrate adsorbed vitronectin or laminin. Based on this substrate-requirement of myotube formation, we developed a photolithography-based method to pattern C2C12 myotubes, where myotubes formed exclusively on vitronectin surface patterns. We have determined that the optimal line width to form single myotubes is approximately 30 μm. In order to illustrate a possible application of this method, we patterned myotubes on the top of commercial substrate-embedded microelectrodes. In contrast to previous experiments where cell patterning was achieved by selective attachment of the cells to patterned surfaces in a medium that contained all the factors necessary for differentiation, this study illustrates that surface patterning of a signaling molecule, which is essential for skeletal muscle differentiation in a defined system, can result in the formation of aligned myotubes on the patterns. This technique is being developed for applications in cell biology, tissue engineering and robotics

Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for reducing parental substance misuse

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review (Intervention). The objectives are as follows: Primary objective To assess the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions at reducing the substance misuse (alcohol and/or illicit drugs excluding tobacco) of parents with children of dependent age (from birth to 21years). Intervention impact will be examined separately for different substances. Secondary objectives To examine whether interventions can increase drug and/or alcohol treatment engagement, retention and completion; affect the welfare of the child; whether intervention effects differ by intervention type and duration or according to who receives them

The effectiveness of psychosocial interventions at reducing the frequency of alcohol and drug use in parents: findings of a Cochrane review and meta-analyses

Background and aim: Parental substance use is a major public health and safeguarding concern. There have been a number of trials examining interventions targeting this risk factor. We aimed to estimate the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions at reducing parental substance use. Design: Meta-analysis. We used systematic methods to identify trials of psychosocial interventions including those that targeted drug and alcohol use only, and drug and alcohol use in combination with associated issues. We pooled data using a random-effects model. Moderator analyses examined influence of parent gender, presence of child in treatment, and intervention type. Setting: No restrictions on setting. Participants: Substance using parents of children below the age of 21 years. Measurements: Frequency of alcohol use and frequency of drug use. Findings: We included 8 unique studies with a total of 703 participants. Psychosocial interventions were more effective at reducing the frequency of parental alcohol use than comparison conditions at 6-month (standardised mean difference [SMD] - 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.51 to -0.13, P = 0.001) and 12-month follow-up (SMD -0.25, 95% CI -0.47 to -0.03, P = 0.02), and frequency of parental drug use at 12 months only (SMD-0.21, 95% CI -0.41 to -0.01, P = 0.04). Integrated interventions which combined both parenting and substance use targeted components were effective at reducing the frequency of alcohol use (6 months: SMD -0.56, 95% CI -0.96 to -0.016, P = 0.006; 12 months: SMD -0.42, 95% CI -0.82 to -0.03, P = 0.04) and drug use (6 months: SMD -0.39, 95% CI -0.75 to -0.03, P = 0.04; 12 months: SMD -0.43, 95% CI -0.80 to -0.07, P = 0.02). Interventions targeting only substance use or parenting skills were not effective at reducing frequency of alcohol or drug use at either time point. Conclusion: Integrated psychosocial interventions targeting parenting and substance use may be superior at reducing parental alcohol and drug use than treatment as usual or other comparison conditions

Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for reducing parental substance misuse

Background: Parental substance use is a substantial public health and safeguarding concern. There have been a number of trials of interventions relating to substance‐using parents that have sought to address this risk factor, with potential outcomes for parent and child. Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions in reducing parental substance use (alcohol and/or illicit drugs, excluding tobacco). Search methods: We searched the following databases from their inception to July 2020: the Cochrane Drugs and Alcohol Group Specialised Register; CENTRAL; MEDLINE; Embase; PsycINFO; CINAHL; Applied Social Science (ASSIA); Sociological Abstracts; Social Science Citation Index (SSCI), Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, WHO ICTRP, and TRoPHI. We also searched key journals and the reference lists of included papers and contacted authors publishing in the field. Selection criteria: We included data from trials of complex psychosocial interventions targeting substance use in parents of children under the age of 21 years. Studies were only included if they had a minimum follow‐up period of six months from the start of the intervention and compared psychosocial interventions to comparison conditions. The primary outcome of this review was a reduction in the frequency of parental substance use. Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane