Effect of the Polydispersity of RBCs on the Recovery Rate of RBCs during the Removal of CPAs

In the process of removing cryoprotectants from cryopreserved blood, the theoretically optimal operating condition, which is based on the assumption that the distribution of red blood cells is uniform, is often used to reduce or even avoid the hypotonic damage to cells. However, due to the polydispersity of cells, the optimal condition is actually not reliable. In this study, based on the discrete concept developed in our previous work, the effect of the polydispersity on the recovery rate of cells in the dilution-filtration system was statistically investigated by assigning three random parameters, isotonic cell volume, cell surface area, and osmotically inactive cell volume, to cells in small units of blood. The results show that, due to the polydispersity, the real recovery rate deviates from the ideal value that is based on uniform distribution. The deviation significantly increases with the standard errors of cell parameters, and it can be also magnified by high cryoprotectant concentrations. Under the effect of polydispersity, the uniform distribution-based optimized blood or diluent flow rate is not perfect. In practice, one should adopt a more conservative blood or diluent flow rate so that the hypotonic damage to cells can be further reduced

Effect of the Polydispersity of RBCs on the Recovery Rate of RBCs during the Removal of CPAs

In the process of removing cryoprotectants from cryopreserved blood, the theoretically optimal operating condition, which is based on the assumption that the distribution of red blood cells is uniform, is often used to reduce or even avoid the hypotonic damage to cells. However, due to the polydispersity of cells, the optimal condition is actually not reliable. In this study, based on the discrete concept developed in our previous work, the effect of the polydispersity on the recovery rate of cells in the dilution-filtration system was statistically investigated by assigning three random parameters, isotonic cell volume, cell surface area, and osmotically inactive cell volume, to cells in small units of blood. The results show that, due to the polydispersity, the real recovery rate deviates from the ideal value that is based on uniform distribution. The deviation significantly increases with the standard errors of cell parameters, and it can be also magnified by high cryoprotectant concentrations. Under the effect of polydispersity, the uniform distributionbased optimized blood or diluent flow rate is not perfect. In practice, one should adopt a more conservative blood or diluent flow rate so that the hypotonic damage to cells can be further reduced

Efficient methoxycarbonylation of diisobutylene over functionalized ZSM-5 supported cobalt complex catalysts

By grafting nitrogen-containing complexes onto ZSM-5 mesoporous material and then supporting a cobalt catalyst in situ, the methoxycarbonylation of diisobutylene (DIB) was achieved. Moreover, a series of functionalized ZSM-5 mesoporous materials containing different nitrogen complexes were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, XRD, SEM, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Subsequently, the catalytic activity of functionalized ZSM-5 mesoporous materials and the reaction parameters in the methoxycarbonylation of DIB were investigated. The results revealed that the conversion of DIB was 88.3% and the selectivity for methyl isononanoate was 93.4% under solvent-free conditions at 6.0 MPa and 140 °C for 10 h by using the catalyst ZSM-5iCPdPy@Co2(CO)8. The potential mechanism for this catalytic reaction was also put forth. Admittedly, these inexpensive and easy-to-recover heterogeneous catalysts can replace the noble metal palladium complexes on a laboratory scale to achieve partial olefin carbonylation reactions

Effectiveness of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines against mild disease, pneumonia, and severe disease among persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant: real-world study in Jilin Province, China

ABSTRACTIt is critical to determine the real-world performance of vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) so that appropriate treatments and policies can be implemented. There was a rapid wave of infections by the Omicron variant in Jilin Province (China) during spring 2022. We examined the effectiveness of inactivated vaccines against Omicron using real-world data from this epidemic. This retrospective case-case study of vaccine effectiveness (VE) examined infected patients who were quarantined and treated from April 16 to June 8, 2022 and responded to an electronic questionnaire. Data were analyzed by univariable and multivariable analyses. A total of 2968 cases with SARS-CoV-2 infections (asymptomatic: 1061, mild disease: 1763, pneumonia: 126, severe disease: 18) were enrolled in the study. Multivariable regression indicated that the risk for pneumonia or severe disease was greater in those who were older or had underlying diseases, but was less in those who received COVID-19 vaccines. Relative to no vaccination, VE against the composite of pneumonia and severe disease was significant for those who received 2 doses (60.1%, 95%CI: 40.0%, 73.5%) or 3 doses (68.1%, 95%CI: 44.6%, 81.7%), and VE was similar in the subgroups of males and females. However, VE against the composite of all three classes of symptomatic diseases was not significant overall, nor after stratification by sex. There was no statistical difference in the VE of vaccines from different manufacturers. The inactivated COVID-19 vaccines protected patients against pneumonia and severe disease from Omicron infection, and booster vaccination enhanced this effect