EFL Students’ Perceptions in Using Instagram in English Language Learning

In teaching-learning, teachers can use many instructional media, especially Instagram. Instagram as social media has influenced society, especially for high school students. This research investigates high school students' perceptions of using Instagram in English language learning. This research used a mixed-method sequential explanatory design with a close-ended web survey questionnaire given to 77 students from the 10th grade until 12th grade in two senior high schools in Gresik, East Java which implement social media in their teaching and learning activities. An interview is also needed to know the students' perception concerning the impact of using Instagram in language learning. The results showed that the students perceive Instagram as a tool for senior high school students to learn English and impact the learners to utilize the features in Instagram for a better cause in learning English. Instagram offers many opportunities for teachers and students since it has plenty of features to use, especially during online learning, making it easier and helpful to connect. In addition, Instagram can motivate the students to learn English from their peers and develop their English skills. By seeing the students' perspectives through the data results, Instagram is a good tool for learning English and connecting teachers and students during a pandemic

Stepping-stones for the unemployed: The effect of temporary jobs on the duration until regular work

Individual labour market transitions from unemployment into temporary work are often succeeded by a transition from temporary into regular work. We investigate whether temporary work increases the transition rate to regular work. In that case, temporary work may enhance labour market efficiency. We use longitudinal survey data of individuals to estimate a multi-state duration model, applying the “timing of events” approach. To deal with selectivity, the model incorporates transitions from unemployment to temporary jobs and unobserved determinants of the transition rates. The data contain multiple spells in labour market states at the individual level. We analyse the results using novel graphical representations. The results unambiguously show that temporary jobs serve as stepping-stones towards regular employment. They shorten the duration of unemployment and they substantially increase the fraction of unemployed workers who have regular work within a few years after entry into unemployment, as compared to a situation without temporary jobs.Unemployment; fixed term contracts; temporary work; job search; duration model; treatment effect

Flexibility@Work 2013: yearly report on flexible labor and employment

There is no clear evidence that the strong growth in the share of flexible labor relations between 2002 and 2007 points at a worldwide trend towards a larger share of flexible labor at the expense of traditional open-ended labor contracts. The growth in flexible labor varies too much between countries and periods to draw such a conclusion. In most countries in Europe, in North America and Japan, the share of flexible labor has declined during the recent economic recession that started after 2007. There is also no structural trade-off between different forms of (formal) flexible labor. Observations in Europe suggest that growth or decline of different types of flexible labor can be attributed to changes in both local societal and economic structures and in institutions and legislation. Growth of flexible labor appears mainly in countries where the labor participation is increasing while it is declining where labor participation is relatively low or stagnating. This suggests an important role for flexible labor for new non-traditional labor market participants to enter the labor market. At the same time, there is a strong correlation between the share of flexible labor and economic growth, particularly with respect to fixed-term contracts and agency work. Flexible labor is the first form of employment effected by a decline in labor demand in an economic crisis, particularly when flexible workers are younger and lower educated. But at the same time, flexible work will be the first type of employment that recovers when the economy stabilizes after a crisis. The opportunity to offer flexible work may even accelerate economic growth. Therefore, a further growth in flexible work can be expected once the economies in most western countries start to grow significantly again. Agency work in particular has grown in nearly all markets over the last decade, which does indicate a structural component of growth of agency work in the modern labor market apart from the business cycle