Kinematic analysis of thumb trajectory.

<p>Data represent the velocity and acceleration of the thumb as a function of the SOA (No-TMS, 50ms–100ms pooled and 200ms–300ms pooled conditions) and for the different sites stimulated (occipito-temporal complex, motor cortex, premotor cortex).</p

Effect of the SOA and the site where TMS was delivered on reaction times in the right-left decision task.

<p>(a) Data represent absolute reaction times (ms) and standard deviations in for the different SOA conditions (no TMS, 50ms, 100ms, 200ms, 300ms) and the different sites stimulated (occipito-temporal complex, motor cortex, premotor cortex). (b). Data represent relative reaction times (ms) and standard deviations according to the no-TMS condition in the different conditions.</p

Effect of the SOA and the site where TMS was delivered on reaction times in the perceptual judgement of what is reachable task as a function of target location.

<p>Data represent relative reaction times (ms) and standard deviations according to the no-TMS condition for the different SOAs (50ms, 100ms, 200ms, 300ms) and the site where TMS was delivered (motor cortex, contol/premotor area pooled). Upper row: target 1 (near), middle row: target 3 to 5 (intermediary), lower row target 7 (far).</p

Effect of the SOA and the site where TMS was delivered on reaction times in the perceptual judgement of what is reachable task.

<p>(a) Data represent absolute reaction times (ms) and standard deviations in for the different SOA conditions (no TMS, 50ms, 100ms, 200ms, 300ms) and the different sites stimulated (occipito-temporal complex, motor cortex, premotor cortex). (b). Data represent relative reaction times (ms) and standard deviations according to the no-TMS condition in the different conditions.</p

Average trajectories for the thumb and index fingers.

<p>Thumb (black circles) and index finger (white circle) trajectories are plotted every 10ms according to the site stimulated (occipito-temporal complex, motor cortex, premotor cortex) in the No-TMS, 50ms-100ms pooled and 200ms–300ms pooled conditions.</p

A schematic representation of the experimental apparatus and target display in the right-left decision task, the judgement of what is reachable task and the grasping task.

<p>(a) When looking into the apparatus, the bottom part is visible only through optical projection upon the mirror of information coming from the upper part of the apparatus. (b) Targets display in the right-left decision task, the judgement of what is reachable task and the grasping task. (c) Kinogramme of actual grasping movement.</p

Localisation of the boundary of peripersonal space.

<p>(a) Data represent the error in determining the boundary of what is reachable according to arm length (mm) and standard deviations in the perceptual judgement of what is reachable task as a function of the SOA (no TMS, 50ms, 100ms, 200ms, 300ms) and the site (occipito-temporal complex, motor cortex, premotor cortex) where TMS was delivered. (b). Data represent the slope of the logistic function and standard deviations as a function of the SOA and the stimulated site.</p

Effect of the SOA and the site where TMS was delivered on reaction times in the grasping task.

<p>(a) Data represent absolute reaction times (ms) and standard deviations in for the different SOA conditions (no TMS, 50ms, 100ms, 200ms, 300ms) and the different sites stimulated (occipito-temporal complex, motor cortex, premotor cortex). (b). Data represent relative reaction times (ms) and standard deviations according to the no-TMS condition in the different conditions.</p

Pearson’s correlations (2-tailed) among PROs.

BackgroundThe Fear-Avoidance Components Scale (FACS) is a reliable and valid instrument widely used to assess fear-avoidance beliefs related to pain and disability. However, there is a scarcity of validated translations of the FACS in different cultural and linguistic contexts, including the French population. This study aimed to translate and validate the French version of the FACS (FACS-Fr/CF), examining its psychometric properties among French-speaking individuals.MethodsA cross-cultural translation process–including forward translation, backward translation, expert committee review, and pre-testing–was conducted to develop the FACS-Fr/CF. The translated version was administered to a sample of French-speaking adults (n = 55) with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Internal consistency (including confirmatory analyses of the 2 factors identified in the Serbian version), test-retest reliability and convergent validity were then assessed.ResultsThe FACS-Fr/CF demonstrated high global internal consistency (α = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.91–0.96) as well as high internal consistency of the 2 factors identified in the Serbian version (α = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.86–0.94 and α = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.85–0.94, respectively). Test-retest analysis revealed a moderate (close to high) reliability (ICC = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.82–0.94 and r = 0.89; pp p p ConclusionThe present study provides evidence for the cross-cultural translation and psychometric validation of the FACS-Fr/CF. The FACS-Fr/CF exhibits a high internal consistency, a moderate (close to high) test-retest reliability, and good construct validity, suggesting its utility in assessing fear-avoidance beliefs in the French-speaking population. This validated tool can enhance the assessment and understanding of fear-avoidance behaviors and facilitate cross-cultural research in pain-related studies.</div

Flowchart of the development of the FACS-Fr/CF.

BackgroundThe Fear-Avoidance Components Scale (FACS) is a reliable and valid instrument widely used to assess fear-avoidance beliefs related to pain and disability. However, there is a scarcity of validated translations of the FACS in different cultural and linguistic contexts, including the French population. This study aimed to translate and validate the French version of the FACS (FACS-Fr/CF), examining its psychometric properties among French-speaking individuals.MethodsA cross-cultural translation process–including forward translation, backward translation, expert committee review, and pre-testing–was conducted to develop the FACS-Fr/CF. The translated version was administered to a sample of French-speaking adults (n = 55) with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Internal consistency (including confirmatory analyses of the 2 factors identified in the Serbian version), test-retest reliability and convergent validity were then assessed.ResultsThe FACS-Fr/CF demonstrated high global internal consistency (α = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.91–0.96) as well as high internal consistency of the 2 factors identified in the Serbian version (α = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.86–0.94 and α = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.85–0.94, respectively). Test-retest analysis revealed a moderate (close to high) reliability (ICC = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.82–0.94 and r = 0.89; pp p p ConclusionThe present study provides evidence for the cross-cultural translation and psychometric validation of the FACS-Fr/CF. The FACS-Fr/CF exhibits a high internal consistency, a moderate (close to high) test-retest reliability, and good construct validity, suggesting its utility in assessing fear-avoidance beliefs in the French-speaking population. This validated tool can enhance the assessment and understanding of fear-avoidance behaviors and facilitate cross-cultural research in pain-related studies.</div