Size of snow particles in a powder-snow avalanche

The size of the snow particles involved in a powder-snow avalanche is a key parameter of the local dynamic of the flow. An experimental device has been realized to collect snow particles within powder-snow avalanches. Snow particles have been captured in the powder-snow part of an avalanche triggered artificially on the experimental test site of the vallée de la Sionne. The collected particles have been photographed and the pictures digitized. An image analysis tool to evaluate the size of the collected particles have been developed for the purpose of this study. The obtained order of magnitude is 0.2mm

The full-scale avalanche test site, Lautaret, France

The Lautaret full-scale avalanche test site in the southern French Alps has been used by IRSTEA (Cemagref) Research Institute since 1973. Over the recent years two avalanche paths are used to release small to medium avalanches 3 or 4 times each winter. Avalanche flows are generally dense, whether wet or dry, sometimes with a powder part. Main path n°2 (track length 800 m) is dedicated to avalanche dynamics. Within the flow of the avalanche, flow height and vertical profiles of pressure and velocity are measured along a 3.5 m tripod. The snow volume released in the starting zone is quantified by a differential analysis of laser scanning measurements set before and after triggering. A high rate positioning of the avalanche along the track is determined from terrestrial oblique photogrammetry. Above the dense layer, the saltation layer and the powder part are characterized by particles and air fluxes measurements. In path n°1 smaller in size, medium-size avalanches (track length 500 m) make this track of particular interest for experiments on structures. A macroscopic sensor-structure is set nearly 150 m downhill from the starting zone, that is, in the area where avalanches generally reach their maximum velocity. It consists is a one square-meter plate supported by a 3.5 m high steel cantilever fixed in the ground, facing the avalanche. Impact pressures are reconstructed from the cantilever deformations, while avalanche velocity is measured from optical sensors. Seismic signals generated by avalanches of those 2 paths are recorded by a 3-axial broadband seismometer. Around those experimental devices dedicated to the understanding of avalanche physics, a national and international partnership has been developed from years to years, including INSA de Lyon, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier (France), Aalto University (Finland), Nagoya University (Japan), Boku University (Austria), IGEMA (Bolivia), OGS (Italy)PublishedGrenoble, France3.8. Geofisica per l'ambienteope

Potential human transmission of amyloid β pathology: surveillance and risks

Studies in experimental animals show transmissibility of amyloidogenic proteins associated with prion diseases, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases. Although these data raise potential concerns for public health, convincing evidence for human iatrogenic transmission only exists for prions and amyloid β after systemic injections of contaminated growth hormone extracts or dura mater grafts derived from cadavers. Even though these procedures are now obsolete, some reports raise the possibility of iatrogenic transmission of amyloid β through putatively contaminated neurosurgical equipment. Iatrogenic transmission of amyloid β might lead to amyloid deposition in the brain parenchyma and blood vessel walls, potentially resulting in cerebral amyloid angiopathy after several decades. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy can cause life-threatening brain haemorrhages; yet, there is no proof that the transmission of amyloid β can also lead to Alzheimer's dementia. Large, long-term epidemiological studies and sensitive, cost-efficient tools to detect amyloid are needed to better understand any potential routes of amyloid β transmission and to clarify whether other similar proteopathic seeds, such as tau or α-synuclein, can also be transferred iatrogenically

Les capteurs de transport de neige par le vent au banc d'essai

Le transport de la neige par le vent entraîne la formation de congères, augmente le risque d'avalanches et limite la visibilité. Afin d’améliorer la prévision du phénomène et de développer une ingénierie de protection, les acteurs locaux de la prévention ont besoin d’informations précises sur les quantités de neige transportée par le vent. Cet article fait le point sur les différentes technologies de mesure disponibles en comparant des essais réalisés in situ et en soufflerie avec plusieurs types de capteurs

Cinétique de volatilisation en métallurgie d'élaboration sous vide

International audienceUne étude théorique, s’appuyant sur la simulation numérique, a été mise en place pour évaluer la cinétique de volatilisation des éléments métalliques lors d’opérations d’élaboration sous vide. Des résultats sont donnés pour un procédé de fusion d’alliages de titane par faisceaux d’électrons, procédé pour lequel le contrôle de la composition chimique demeure une des difficultés principales

Bedload tracing in a high-sediment-load mountain stream

International audienceThis paper reports a radiofrequency identification (RFID) tracing experiment implemented in a high-sedimentload mountain stream typical of alpine gravel-bed torrents. The study site is the Bouinenc Torrent, a tributary to the Bléone River in southeast France that drains a 38.9-km² degraded catchment. In spring 2008, we deployed 451 tracers with b-axis ranging from 23 to 520 mm. Tracers were seeded along eight cross-sections located in the upstream part of the lowest 2.3 km of the stream. Three tracer inventories were implemented in July 2008, 2009 and 2010. Recovery rates calculated for mobile tracers declined from 78% in 2008 to 45% in 2009 and 25% in 2010. Observations of tracer displacement revealed very high sediment dispersion, with frontrunners having travelled more than 2 km only three months after their deployment. The declining recovery rate over time was interpreted as resulting from rapid dispersion rather than deep burial. We evaluated that 64% of the tracers deployed in the active channel were exported from the 2.3-km study reach three years after the onset of the tracing experiment. Travel distances were characterized by right-skewed and heavy-tailed distributions, correctly fitted by a power-law function. This supports the idea that in gravel-bed rivers with abundant sediment supply relative to transport capacity, bedload transport can be viewed as a superdiffusive sediment dispersion process. It is also shown that tracers initially deployed in the low-flow channel were characterized by a 15- to 30-fold increase of mobility compared to tracers deployed in gravel bars

Processing of seismic signal for different water-sediment flow processes in torrents

International audienc

Size of snow particles in a powder-snow avalanche

The size of the snow particles involved in a powder-snow avalanche is a key parameter of the local dynamic of the flow. An experimental device has been realized to collect snow particles within powder-snow avalanches. Snow particles have been captured in the powder-snow part of an avalanche triggered artificially on the experimental test site of the vallée de la Sionne. The collected particles have been photographed and the pictures digitized. An image analysis tool to evaluate the size of the collected particles have been developed for the purpose of this study. The obtained order of magnitude is 0.2mm