Mammography techniques - projections and compression

Vsaka od različnih projekcij pri slikanju dojk doda svoj pomemben delež k prepoznavanju začetnega karcinoma dojke. Zelo pomembna je tudi pravilna in zadostna kompresija pri slikanju dojk. Nepravilno izvedena projekcija in kompresija lahko že ob prvem slikanju zavedeta radiologa k lažno negativnem izvidu, kar pa za ženo pomeni zakasnitev terapije in bistveno poslabša prognozo. Radiološki inženir in radiolog se morata zavedati, da z določeno projekcijo dobro prikažemo samo določene dele dojke. Pogoj za optimalen prikaztkiva dojke je prepoznavanje anatomskih odnosov med prsno steno, pektoralno mišico in žleznim tkivom.Each of a variety of projections of the mammogram is crucial in detecting breast cancer in its initial stages. Furthermore, accurate and appropriate breast compresion should also be carefully observed. An innaccurate projectionand compression may, at the very first mammogram, mislead the radiologist to false negative findings. The patient is therefore given treatment with a delay which may have an unfavourable effect on prognosis. Radiological engeenir as well as radiologist should know that a particular projection may reproduce well only a particular part of the breast. The only exception may be a properly performed MLO projection which shows the tissue ofpractically the whole breast. In order to make an optimal breast image a through knowledge of anatomical relations in the region between the thoracic wall, pectoral muscle and breast tissue is required

Clinical image evaluation

Kakovosten mamogram prikaže kar največ tkiva dojke, je primerno ekponiran, kontrasten, ni zabrisan, z nizkim šumom, brez artefaktov in je narejen s sprejemljivo dozo sevanja. Končni videz mamograma je skupek raznih dejavnikov,od katerih so najpomembnejši sodoben mamografski aparat z optimalnonaravnano fotocelico in s sodobnim priboromposebna pozornost velja postopku razvijanja. Dobro usposobljeno, posebej za to delo izobraženo osebje mora vzdrževati visoko kakovost, to pa pripomore k čim manjšemu številu zgrešenih in zapoznelih diagnoz.Good quality mammogram is characterised by the following features: proper positioning, correct exposition, correct contrast, sharpness, low noise, artefact free execution at acceptable dose. The final product depends on a number of dynamic factors. The most important of them is state-of the art mammographic equipment by optimal calibrated AECspecial attention should be paid to the processing. Highly skilled personel, trained specifically for thiskind of work should continually maintain constant attention to quality control in order to avoid missed and delayed diagnosing

Bolnica iz programa Dora: prikaz primera

No abstract.V članku prikazujemo primer bolnice z rakom dojke, odkritim v okviru presejalnega programa Dora. Zaradi multicentričnih žarišč raka, odkritih med zdravljenjem, je bila trikrat operirana. Razpravljamo o pogostosti multicentričnih in multifokalnih žarišč raka dojke, o njihovem vplivu na obseg zdravljenja ter o prednostih in slabostih predoperativne preiskave dojk z magnetno resonanco

Klinična presoja kakovosti mamogramov

Kakovosten mamogram prikaže kar največ tkiva dojke, je primerno eksponiran, kontrasten, ni neoster, je brez artefaktov in je narejen s sprejemljivo ekspozicijsko dozo. Končni videz mamograma je skupek raznih dejavnikov, od katerih so najpomembnejši sodobna mamografska naprava z optimalno naravnano fotocelico in s sodobnim priboromposebna pozornost velja postopku razvijanja. Dobro usposobljeno, posebej za to delo izobraženo osebje mora nenehno vzdrževati visoko kakovost, to pa pripomore k čim manjšemu številu zgrešenih in zapoznelih diagnoz

Radiologic image of the normal breast anatomy

Mamografski videz normalne dojke je pri vsaki ženski različen. Na količino žleznega, vezivnega tkiva in maščobe ter na razmerje med njimi, vpliva več dejavnikov, na primer: starost ženske, menstrualni ciklus, nosečnost, hormonska substitucija. V rodnem obdobju so pogoste benigne spremembe, ki jih je mogoče opredeliti le histološko. Mamografsko se kažejo največkrat kot povečana gostota tkiva in lahko predstavljajo diferencialno-diagnostičen problem.Mammographic images of normal breast taken from various women differ from one another. Several factors, e.g. age, menstrual cycle, pregnancy, hormonal replacement etc., may influence upon the quantity of the glandular, connectiveand adipose tissues and the proportional relations among them. During the fertility period, breast benign disorders may often occur. According to the majority of authors these changes are considered to be normaland can be categorised only histologically. On mammograms they are oftenseen as a more dense tissue and as such may represent a problem in differential diagnosis

Interventional procedures in breast

Pregledni članek o intervencijskih posegih v dojkah opisuje potek, indikacijein kontraindikacije pri različnih posegih v dojkah, ki jih opravljamo na Onkološkem Inštitutu v Ljubljani. Praviloma tako pri nas kot tudi v drugih ustanovah v svetu opravlja intervencijske posege izključno radiolog. Tako je mamolog osrednja in ključna osebnost multidisciplinarne mamološke strokovne skupine, v kateri so še izkušen klinik, patolog, citolog in kirurg.This article is a revision about interventions in breast, it describes the procedure, indications and contraindications in different breasts interventions made on Oncological Institut in Ljubljana. According to the regulations the interventions are made only by radiologist-mammologist is the central and key person of mammological team, composed by the experienced clinics, pathologist, cytologist and surgeon

An outline of imaging techniques in diagnosis of breast diseases

Zgodnja diagnostika raka na dojkah je zelo pomembna za prognozo bolezni. Zato z različnimi diagnostičnimi metodami skušamo čimprej odkriti raka na dijki. Temetode so klasična mamografija, kseromamografija, digitalna mamografija, slikanje dojk z magnetno resonanco, ultrazvok dojk, Dopplerski ultrazvok dojk,računalniška tomografija dojk, digitalna subtrakcijska angiografija dojk,termografija dojk, nuklearno medicinske diagnostične metode dojk, v razvoju je optična mamografija (CT laser mamography, presvetlitvena mamografija)Early diagnosis of the breast cancer is extremely important as regards the prognosis of the disease. In our endeavours to detect the disease as early as possible we use different diagnostic methods. These are: classic mammography, xeromammography, digital mammography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, Doppler\u27s ultrasonography, computer tomography, digital subtraction angiography, thermography, nuclear medicine diagnostic methods, and CT laser mammography, which is still beeing developed