“ANÁLISIS DE LA EDUCACIÓN Y EL CRECIMIENTO ECONÓMICO EN MÉXICO DURANTE PERIODO 1990-2012.”

La presente tesis realizo un análisis de la relación de la educación entendida como la cobertura educativa, con el crecimiento económico de México dado que en la actualidad el tema de la educación en nuestro país ha sido de gran controversia debido al proceso de transformación que va más allá de métodos e instrumentos, de discusiones pedagógicas, de objetivos y de la forma en como es ofertada a la sociedad. En México la educación es concebida como una meta clave que permite o da lugar a una integración en el contexto de globalización de los últimos años y la sociedad, las políticas públicas en la actualidad demandan competencias y habilidades para la formación de los individuos para el mejoramiento de su calidad de vida. Cuando el individuo presenta un nivel mayor de conocimientos y habilidades, lo lleva a resolver con facilidad problemas de su entorno, convirtiéndolo en un arma social para que lleva al país a presentar un incremento no solo a nivel individual, sino que impactará a su sociedad, a su país y por ende a las diferentes áreas donde este se desarrolle, es por ello que el gasto de inversión en la educación debe ser prioridad del país. Al analizar el impacto que tiene la educación dentro del crecimiento económico, se observa que está es un factor clave, debido a que si el individuo posee niveles altos de conocimientos y habilidades puede tener una especialidad que le permitirá incrementar su productividad de trabajo.Para el análisis de la investigación se emplearon métodos cuantitativos como la econometría basada en métodos estadísticos, la cual nos permitió desarrollar un modelo econométrico de regresión lineal para estimar las relaciones existentes entre las variables que se analizaron, está estimación se realizó a través de los supuestos de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios; una vez realizada la estimación del modelo se procedió a realizar las pruebas de evaluación de los supuestos para verificar que el modelo fuera estadísticamente significativo. Se propusieron dos modelos econométricos, dentro del primero se explicó a la educación en función de las variables del Producto Interno Bruto y del gasto federal en educación; y dentro del segundo modelo se explicó a la educación en función de las variables de gasto federal en educación y la educación presentando un periodo de rezago

“ANÁLISIS DE LA EDUCACIÓN Y EL CRECIMIENTO ECONÓMICO EN MÉXICO DURANTE PERIODO 1990-2012.”

La presente tesis realizo un análisis de la relación de la educación entendida como la cobertura educativa, con el crecimiento económico de México dado que en la actualidad el tema de la educación en nuestro país ha sido de gran controversia debido al proceso de transformación que va más allá de métodos e instrumentos, de discusiones pedagógicas, de objetivos y de la forma en como es ofertada a la sociedad. En México la educación es concebida como una meta clave que permite o da lugar a una integración en el contexto de globalización de los últimos años y la sociedad, las políticas públicas en la actualidad demandan competencias y habilidades para la formación de los individuos para el mejoramiento de su calidad de vida. Cuando el individuo presenta un nivel mayor de conocimientos y habilidades, lo lleva a resolver con facilidad problemas de su entorno, convirtiéndolo en un arma social para que lleva al país a presentar un incremento no solo a nivel individual, sino que impactará a su sociedad, a su país y por ende a las diferentes áreas donde este se desarrolle, es por ello que el gasto de inversión en la educación debe ser prioridad del país. Al analizar el impacto que tiene la educación dentro del crecimiento económico, se observa que está es un factor clave, debido a que si el individuo posee niveles altos de conocimientos y habilidades puede tener una especialidad que le permitirá incrementar su productividad de trabajo.Para el análisis de la investigación se emplearon métodos cuantitativos como la econometría basada en métodos estadísticos, la cual nos permitió desarrollar un modelo econométrico de regresión lineal para estimar las relaciones existentes entre las variables que se analizaron, está estimación se realizó a través de los supuestos de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios; una vez realizada la estimación del modelo se procedió a realizar las pruebas de evaluación de los supuestos para verificar que el modelo fuera estadísticamente significativo. Se propusieron dos modelos econométricos, dentro del primero se explicó a la educación en función de las variables del Producto Interno Bruto y del gasto federal en educación; y dentro del segundo modelo se explicó a la educación en función de las variables de gasto federal en educación y la educación presentando un periodo de rezago

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

International audienceBackground: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0–4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2–6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society

Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study

Background: Current management practices and outcomes in weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation are poorly understood. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, management, timings, risk for failure, and outcomes of weaning in patients requiring at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation. Methods: WEAN SAFE was an international, multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study done in 481 intensive care units in 50 countries. Eligible participants were older than 16 years, admitted to a participating intensive care unit, and receiving mechanical ventilation for 2 calendar days or longer. We defined weaning initiation as the first attempt to separate a patient from the ventilator, successful weaning as no reintubation or death within 7 days of extubation, and weaning eligibility criteria based on positive end-expiratory pressure, fractional concentration of oxygen in inspired air, and vasopressors. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients successfully weaned at 90 days. Key secondary outcomes included weaning duration, timing of weaning events, factors associated with weaning delay and weaning failure, and hospital outcomes. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03255109. Findings: Between Oct 4, 2017, and June 25, 2018, 10 232 patients were screened for eligibility, of whom 5869 were enrolled. 4523 (77·1%) patients underwent at least one separation attempt and 3817 (65·0%) patients were successfully weaned from ventilation at day 90. 237 (4·0%) patients were transferred before any separation attempt, 153 (2·6%) were transferred after at least one separation attempt and not successfully weaned, and 1662 (28·3%) died while invasively ventilated. The median time from fulfilling weaning eligibility criteria to first separation attempt was 1 day (IQR 0-4), and 1013 (22·4%) patients had a delay in initiating first separation of 5 or more days. Of the 4523 (77·1%) patients with separation attempts, 2927 (64·7%) had a short wean (≤1 day), 457 (10·1%) had intermediate weaning (2-6 days), 433 (9·6%) required prolonged weaning (≥7 days), and 706 (15·6%) had weaning failure. Higher sedation scores were independently associated with delayed initiation of weaning. Delayed initiation of weaning and higher sedation scores were independently associated with weaning failure. 1742 (31·8%) of 5479 patients died in the intensive care unit and 2095 (38·3%) of 5465 patients died in hospital. Interpretation: In critically ill patients receiving at least 2 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, only 65% were weaned at 90 days. A better understanding of factors that delay the weaning process, such as delays in weaning initiation or excessive sedation levels, might improve weaning success rates. Funding: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, European Respiratory Society