The New Directive on the Right of Citizens of the Union and their Family Members to Move and Reside Freely within the Territory of the Member States - What Changes Does it Bring?

Wohnstandort, EU-Recht, Niederlassungsrecht, Freizügigkeit, Europäische Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion, Residential location, Community law, Freedom of establishment, Freedom of movement, European Economic and Monetary Union

Didactics in vocational education and training – Diversity and intercepts in the Nordic educational landscape

This article pictures complexity of didactical research in vocational education and training (VET) and how international comparative research can contribute to development of VET’s didactics. We have argued earlier that depending on differences in perspectives and even on language differences, we are facing a remarkable conceptual diversity of what didactics is about. We claim that there is a need to transcend the language discussion and to focus on content related aspects to advance knowledge and research in this area within the field of VET. We start by shortly presenting research on didactics aiming at highlighting transitions and diversity in various approaches. Particular emphasis is on the challenges in designing vocational didactics. We then present selected contributions from scholars in the VET field with the intention to illustrate and propose discussion about the diversity and intercepts that are visible today. A thorough comparative study of didactics in VET in the Nordic countries remains as a necessary project ahead. Tämä artikkeli tarkastelee ammatillisen koulutuksen didaktiikkaa ja sen monimuotoisuutta, lisäksi tuomme esiin sen, miten kansainvälinen vertaileva tutkimus voi edistää ammatillisen didaktiikan kehittämistä. Olemme aiemmin esittäneet, että didaktiikan käsite ja mitä sillä tarkoitetaan, on monimerkityksinen johtuen erilaisista näkökulmista ja jopa kielellisistä eroista. Ehdotamme, että vaikka merkityseroja esiintyy, meidän tulisi ylittää kielikeskustelu ja keskittyä didaktiikan sisältöön lisätäksemme tietoa ja tutkimusta ammatillisesta koulutuksesta. Katsauksemme tarkoitus on esitellä lyhyesti didaktiikkaan liittyvää tutkimusta ja samalla tehdä näkyväksi erilaisia lähestymistapoja, siirtymiä ja eroavaisuuksia sekä erityisesti ammatillisen didaktiikan haasteita muutaman keskeisen tutkimuksen avulla. Lisää tutkimusta tarvitaan erityisesti Pohjoismaisesta näkökulmasta

Formation and structural chemistry of the unusual cyanide-bridged dinuclear species [Ru-2(NN)(2)(CN)(7)](3-)(NN=2,2 '-bipyridine or 1,10-phenanthroline)

Crystallisation of simple cyanoruthenate complex anions [Ru(NN)(CN)(4)](2) (NN = 2,2'-bipyridine or 1,10-phenanthroline) in the presence of Lewis-acidic cations such as Ln(III) or guanidinium cations results, in addition to the expected [Ru(NN)(CN)(4)](2) salts, in the formation of small amounts of salts of the dinuclear species [Ru-2(NN)(2)(CN)(7)](3). These cyanide-bridged anions have arisen from the combination of two monomer units [Ru(NN)(CN)(4)](2) following the loss of one cyanide, presumably as HCN. The crystal structures of [Nd(H2O)(5.5)][Ru-2(bipy)(2)(CN)(7)] center dot 11H(2)O and [Pr(H2O)(6)][Ru-2(phen)(2)(CN)(7)] center dot 9H(2)O show that the cyanoruthenate anions form Ru-CN-Ln bridges to the Ln(III) cations, resulting in infinite coordination polymers consisting of fused Ru(2)Ln(2)(mu-CN)(4) squares and Ru(4)Ln(2)(mu-CN)(6) hexagons, which alternate to form a one-dimensional chain. In [CH6N3](3)[Ru-2(bipy)(2)(CN)(7)] center dot 2H(2)O in contrast the discrete complex anions are involved in an extensive network of hydrogen-bonding involving terminal cyanide ligands, water molecules, and guanidinium cations. In the [Ru-2(NN)(2)(CN)(7)](3) anions themselves the two NN ligands are approximately eclipsed, lying on the same side of the central Ru-CN-Ru axis, such that their peripheries are in close contact. Consequently, when NN = 4,4'-Bu-t(2)-2,2'-bipyridine the steric bulk of the t-butyl groups prevents the formation of the dinuclear anions, and the only product is the simple salt of the monomer, [CH6N3](2)[Ru((t)Bu(2)bipy)(CN)(4)] center dot 2H(2)O. We demonstrated by electrospray mass spectrometry that the dinuclear by-product [Ru-2(phen)(2)(CN)(7)](3) could be formed in significant amounts during the synthesis of monomeric [Ru(phen)(CN)(4)](2) if the reaction time was too long or the medium too acidic. In the solid state the luminescence properties of [Ru-2(bipy)(2)(CN)(7)](3) (as its guanidinium salt) are comparable to those of monomeric [Ru(bipy)(CN)(4)](2), with a (MLCT)-M-3 emission at 581 nm

Turf Wars

Turf wars commonly occur in environments where competition undermines collaboration. We develop a game theoretic model and experimental test of turf wars. The model explores how team production incentives ex post affect team formation decisions ex ante. In the game, one agent decides whether to share jurisdiction over a project with other agents. Agents with jurisdiction decide whether to exert effort and receive a reward based on their relative performance. Hence, sharing can increase joint production but introduces competition for the reward. We find that collaboration has a non-monotonic relationship with both productivity and rewards. The laboratory experiment confirms the model's main predictions. We also explore extensions of the basic model, including one where each agent's productivity is private information