Lesiones de los árbitros de fútbol en diferentes ligas: Revisión sistemática

ResumenIntroducción: El arbitraje de fútbol requiere resistencia, agilidad, velocidad y toma de decisiones bajo una enorme presión. El árbitro no está destinado a tener contacto físico con los jugadores; por lo tanto, se puede esperar que los árbitros tengan un menor riesgo de lesiones agudas y mayor proporción de problemas por sobreuso.Objetivos: Proporcionar una comprensión global de la investigación de la naturaleza de las lesiones de los árbitros de futbol y las posibles estrategias de prevención.Métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa siguiendo los criterios establecidos en la declaración PRISMA. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las siguientes bases de datos: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus y PEDro. Se seleccionaron estudios epidemiológicos en los que el tema principal fuera las lesiones y/o molestias de los árbitros de fútbol.Resultados: La estrategia de búsqueda obtuvo un total de 211 artículos, y fueron seleccionados 13 para esta revisión.Discusión: Los estudios basados en encuestas retrospectivas muestran una incidencia media inferior a 2.8 lesiones por cada 1000h de partido, mientras que los estudios prospectivos una incidencia superior a 17.03 lesiones por cada 1000h. Los árbitros principales (AP) de élite tienen 2 veces más probabilidades de sufrir una lesión en comparación con los árbitros asistentes (AA). Los problemas musculares relacionados con los isquiotibiales y el tríceps sural y los esguinces de tobillo fueron los diagnósticos de lesión más frecuentes en los árbitros de todas las divisiones de las ligas de fútbol.Conclusión: Los árbitros principales, especialmente las mujeres, y durante los partidos declararon un mayor número de lesiones. Deben llevarse a cabo más estudios prospectivos incluyendo árbitros de fútbol de varias ligas nacionales y más árbitras femeninas.Palabras clave: "fútbol"; "árbitro de fútbol"; "lesión"; "patrones de lesión"; "riesgo de lesión".<br /

Efecto del ángulo de flexión de cadera contralateral en el test de Ober

Introducción: La extensión y aducción de cadera, debido a su importancia funcional, son movimientos esenciales para realizar actividades básicas de la vida diaria. La disfunción que lleva a la movilidad limitada de dichos movimientos se debe principalmente a los músculos flexores y abductores de cadera. El Test de Ober (TO) se utiliza frecuentemente como prueba de triaje para evaluar la capacidad de aducción de la cadera.Objetivo: Analizar el efecto del aumento de la estabilidad lumbo-pélvica en los valores obtenidos de las diferentes modalidades del Test de Ober en sujetos asintomáticos.Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en sujetos asintomáticos (n=28), siendo 56 los miembros inferiores analizados. Se aplicó el TO en diferentes posiciones de flexión de cadera contralateral (FCC): 0º, 45º, 90º y se añadió una posición novedosa de máxima flexión. En cada posición se recogieron datos para las siguientes variables: rango de movimiento de la cadera en el plano frontal (RDM) mediante inclinometría, la sensación subjetiva de tensión (SST) y la localización de dicha SST.Resultados: Para la posición de máxima FCC en el TO se observó que la media del RDM era el valor más elevado (19,94º±4,94º). Además, en esta misma posición fue en la que mayor SST encontraron los pacientes (2,73±1,58) y en la que dicha tensión más se focalizaba sobre la cara lateral del muslo (CLM) (56% de los casos).Conclusiones: El aumento de la estabilización lumbo-pélvica al realizar el Test de Ober, a través de la máxima flexión de cadera contralateral, genera mayores valores angulares del rango de movimiento de la cadera en el plano frontal; así como mayor sensación subjetiva de tensión y más focalizada sobre la cara lateral del muslo.<br /

Effects of contralateral hip flexion angle on the ober test

The Ober test is an orthopedic evaluation procedure used to assess for tightness of the tensor fascia latae (TFL) and iliotibial band (ITB). Multiple versions of this test have been described using different degrees of contralateral hip joint flexion to stabilize the pelvis. The aim of this study was to analyze the hip range of motion (ROM) in the frontal plane and perceived tension produced during the Ober test using four different angles of contralateral hip flexion prepositioning. The secondary objective was to analyze the differences in the Ober test with different contralateral hip flexion angles according to limb dominance. This cross-sectional study included healthy individuals aged 18 years or older. The Ober test was performed on the right and left leg of each participant with the contralateral hip joint stabilized at 0° flexion, 45° flexion, 90° flexion, and maximal flexion. Hip range of motion in the frontal plane (abduction or adduction) was measured using a digital inclinometer. Three measurements were performed on each limb for every angle of contralateral prepositioning, using the average of the three measurements for statistical analysis. Participants were asked to report the location of any perceived tension and the intensity of tension using a Numeric Rating Scale during the test. Twenty-eight participants (17 men and 11 women) were examined. Significant differences in the Ober test hip ROM in the frontal plane (p < 0:01) were observed when comparing different angles of contralateral hip flexion prepositioning. Significant differences between tests were also present for intensity of perceived tension(p ≤ 0:001), except for the intensity of perceived tension between 0° and 45°. No statistically significant differences were observed related to limb dominance (p > 0:05) or gender (p > 0:05), except for the Ober test at 0° (p < 0:001) which was higher in men (9.61° ± 5.01°) than in women (5.05° ± 2.87°). Greater contralateral hip flexion prepositioning during the Ober test results in decreased hip adduction ROM in the tested limb and greater perceived tension in the region of tensor fascia lata/ iliotibial band

Motor imagery and mental practice in the subacute and chronic phases in upper limb rehabilitation after stroke: a systematic review

Introduction. Motor imagery and mental practice can be defined as a continuous mechanism in which the subject tries to emulate a movement using cognitive processes, without actually performing the motor action. The objective of this review was to analyse and check the efficacy of motor imagery and/or mental practice as a method of rehabilitating motor function in patients that have suffered a stroke, in both subacute and chronic phases. Material and Methods. We performed a bibliographic search from 2009 to 2021 in the following databases, Medline (PubMed), Scopus, WOS, Cochrane, and OTSeeker. The search focused on randomized clinical trials in which the main subject was rehabilitating motor function of the upper limb in individuals that had suffered a stroke in subacute or chronic phases. Results. We analysed a total of 11 randomized clinical trials, with moderate and high methodological quality according to the PEDro scale. Most of the studies on subacute and chronic stages obtained statistically significant short-term results, between pre- and postintervention, in recovering function of the upper limb. Conclusions. Motor imagery and/or mental practice, combined with conventional therapy and/or with other techniques, can be effective in the short term in recovering upper limb motor function in patients that have suffered a stroke. More studies are needed to analyse the efficacy of this intervention during medium- and long-term follow-up

Manual therapy as a management of cervical radiculopathy: a systematic review

Background. Cervical radiculopathy is defined as a disorder involving dysfunction of the cervical nerve roots characterised by pain radiating and/or loss of motor and sensory function towards the root affected. There is no consensus on a good definition of the term. In addition, the evidence regarding the effectiveness of manual therapy in radiculopathy is contradictory. Objective. To assess the effectiveness of manual therapy in improving pain, functional capacity, and range of motion in treating cervical radiculopathy with and without confirmation of altered nerve conduction. Methods. Systematic review of randomised clinical trials on cervical radiculopathy and manual therapy, in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PEDro, and Cochrane Library Plus databases. The PRISMA checklist was followed. Methodological quality was evaluated using the PEDro scale and RoB 2.0. tool. Results. 17 clinical trials published in the past 10 years were selected. Manual therapy was effective in the treatment of symptoms related to cervical radiculopathy in all studies, regardless of the type of technique and dose applied. Conclusions. This systematic review did not establish which manual therapy techniques are the most effective for cervical radiculopathy with electrophysiological confirmation of altered nerve conduction. Without this confirmation, the application of manual therapy, regardless of the protocol applied and the manual therapy technique selected, appears to be effective in reducing chronic cervical pain and decreasing the index of cervical disability in cervical radiculopathy in the short term. However, it would be necessary to agree on a definition and diagnostic criteria of radiculopathy, as well as the definition and standardisation of manual techniques, to analyse the effectiveness of manual therapy in cervical radiculopathy in depth

Effectiveness of dry needling in improving pain and function in comparison with other techniques in patients with chronic neck pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the short-, mid-, and long-term effectiveness of dry needling in improving pain and functional capacity of patients with chronic neck pain. Search strategy was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, PEDro, and Cochrane Library Plus biomedical databases. The risk of bias was assessed using the RoB2 tool. Randomised controlled clinical trials in which at least 1 of the groups received dry needling were included. 662 studies were found; 14 clinical trials were selected for qualitative analysis and 13 for quantitative analysis. The quality of most of the studies included was “high.” All the studies reported improvements in cervical pain and/or disability, regardless of the protocol followed and the muscles targeted. No serious adverse effects were reported. Dry needling showed to be more effective when compared with other therapies in both women and men, without differences by sex. When the analysis was carried out by age, patients over 40 years old benefitted more than those below 40 years old. Our meta-analysis supports the use of dry needling to improve pain and functional capacity in patients with chronic neck pain at short- and mid-term intervals

Anthropometric measurements, metabolic profile and physical fitness in a sample of spanish women with type 2 diabetes

Background: Exercise training has proven to be effective for treatment of metabolic dis-eases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aims of this study were to compare anthropometric measurements, metabolic profile and physical fitness between active and sedentary women with type 2 diabetes, and to analyse relationships between anthropometry and metabolic profile and components of physical fitness (balance, flexibility, strength and endurance). Methods: Cross-sectional research on 28 women with type 2 diabetes. Amount of daily physical activity, BMI, waist circumference, HbA1c, fibrinogen, hs-CRP, tiptoe dynamic balance, static balance, finger floor distance, abdominal, upper and lower limb strength and walking cardiovascular endurance were recorded. Results: Age: 58.5 ± 7.8. Overall, 16 subjects were physically active and 12 were sedentary. Active subjects had lower BMI (p = 0.033) and better cardiovascular endurance (p = 0.025). BMI and waist circumference were not influenced by any physical fitness component. HbA1c, fibrinogen and hs-CRP were related with worse dynamic balance (p = 0.036, 0.006 and 0.031, respectively). Conclusions: Active women had lower BMI and showed a better performance in cardiovascular endurance. Tiptoe dynamic balance impairments were related to worse glycaemic control, hypercoagulation and inflammatory state

Exercise and manual therapy for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review

Background: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Control of hyperglycaemia as well as surgical decompression are effective treatments for these patients. However, surgery is not indicated for all candidates. Manual therapy and physical exercise have been shown to be effective for peripheral neuropathies, and exercise for DM. The aim is to review the effectiveness of manual therapy and/or exercise in patients with DPN. (2) Methods: Randomised controlled clinical trials comparing the effects of manual therapy and/or exercise on pain, function and/or balance were selected. The search strategy was performed in PubMed, PEDro, Scopus, Cochrane and Web of Science databases. The PRISMA statement was followed. (3) Results: A total of 656 articles were registered, and 29 were selected. There was little consensus on DPN criteria selection. Aerobic, strength and balance exercises are beneficial for DPN. Sessions of 30–60 min, three times per week for 8 weeks seems to be the most used dose. Manual therapy is effective in the short term. A combination of both modalities was more beneficial than alone in one study. (4) Conclusions: Exercise and manual therapy are beneficial for patients with DPN. More studies should be carried out for analysing the potential effect of combining manual therapy and exercise

Effectiveness of conservative treatment according to severity and systemic disease in carpal tunnel syndrome: A systematic review

(1) Background: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common peripheral neuropathy in the upper extremity. Conservative treatment has been effective for mild and moderate idiopathic CTS. However, severe CTS and systemic conditions were an exclusion criterion from the studies. The aim of this study is to review the effectiveness of conservative treatment in patients with CTS regardless of the level of severity and the presence or not of systemic diseases in the last ten years. (2) Methods: Randomized controlled clinical trials that compared the effect of conservative treatment on the Boston questionnaire and pain were selected. PubMed, PEDro, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases were used. PRISMA statement checklist was performed. (3) Results: 876 studies were recorded, 29 were selected. Pharmacology, Electrotherapy and Manual Therapy had benefits for CTS. Electrotherapy and manual therapy could be effective for severe CTS patients with a systemic condition in the short term, but there was a low percentage of these patients included in the studies. (4) Conclusion: Some pharmacological treatments, manual therapy and electrotherapy have shown benefits for handling CTS, although the most effective combination of techniques is unknown. It would be necessary to include patients with systemic conditions in the selection criteria for future studies

Interexaminer reliability and validity of quantity of cervical mobility during online dynamic inspection

Physical therapists routinely measure range of motion (ROM) of cervical spine. The reliability of the cervical range of motion (CROM) device has been demonstrated in several studies, but current evidence on the validity and reliability of the visual inspection is contradictory. The aim is to assess the validity and interexaminer reliability of the online visual inspection of active cervical ROM in physiotherapy students. Methods: Flexion, extension, both lateral flexions and rotations of a single participant were measured using CROM. Online visual inspection of 18 physiotherapy students against CROM was registered. Results: The validity, against CROM, of the online visual inspection of the active ROM ranged from good to excellent (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) 0.83–0.97). Interexaminer reliability of the online visual inspection had favorable outcomes in all cervical movements in the three physiotherapy courses (ICC 0.70–0.96), with the visual inspection of the rotations being the most reliable (ICC 0.93–0.97). Interexaminer reliability of the classification of mobility was poor to good (Kappa 0.03–0.90). Conclusions: The interexaminer reliability and validity of the quantification of active cervical movement during online visual inspection was shown to be good to excellent for flexion-extension and lateral flexions and excellent for rotations