3 research outputs found
Health expenditure of employees versus self-employed individuals; a 5-year study.
It is unclear to what extent selfâemployed choose to become selfâemployed.
This study aimed to compare the health care expendituresâas a proxy for
healthâof selfâemployed individuals in the year before they started their
business, to that of employees. Differences by sex, age, and industry were
studied. In total, 5,741,457 individuals aged 25â65 years who were listed in the
tax data between 2010 and 2015 with data on their health insurance claims
were included. Selfâemployed and employees were stratified according to sex,
age, household position, personal income, region, and industry for each of the
years covered. Weighted linear regression was used to compare health care
expenditures in the preceding (year xâ1) between selfâemployed and employees (in year x). Compare
Back to the basics of ovarian aging: A population-based study on longitudinal anti-MĂŒllerian hormone decline
Background: Anti-MĂŒllerian hormone (AMH) is currently used as an ovarian reserve marker for individualized fertility counseling, but very little is known of individual AMH decline in women. This study assessed whether the decline trajectory of AMH is uniform for all women, and whether baseline age-specific AMH levels remain consistently high or low during this trajectory. Methods: A total of 3326 female participants from the population-based Doetinchem Cohort Study were followed with five visits over a 20-year period. Baseline age was 40±10years with a range of 20-59 years. AMH was measured in 12,929 stored plasma samples using the picoAMH assay (AnshLabs). Decline trajectories of AMH were studied with both chronological age and reproductive age, i.e., time to menopause. Multivariable linear mixed effects models characterized the individual AMH decline trajectories. Results: The overall rate of AMH decline accelerated after 40years of age. Mixed models with varying age-specific AMH levels and decline rates provided the significantly best fit to the data, indicating that the fall in AMH levels over time does not follow a fixed pattern for individual women. AMH levels remained consistent along individual trajectories of age, with an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.87. The ICC of 0.32 for AMH trajectories with time to menopause expressed the large variation in AMH levels at a given time before the menopause. The differences between low and high age-specific AMH levels remained distinguishable, but became increasingly smaller with increasing chronological and reproductive age. Conclusions: This is the first study to characterize individual AMH decline over a long time period and broad age range. The varying AMH decline rates do not support the premise of a uniform AMH decline trajectory. Although age-specific AMH levels remain consistently high or low with increasing age, the converging trajectories and variance of AMH levels at a given time before menopause shed doubt on the added value of AMH to represent individualized reproductive age