The risks of using allogeneic cell lines for vaccine production: The example of Bovine Neonatal Pancytopenia

INTRODUCTION: Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP) is a hemorrhagic disease that emerged in calves across Europe in 2007. Its occurrence is attributed to immunization of the calf's mother with a vaccine produced using an allogeneic cell line. Vaccine-induced alloantibodies specific for major-histocompatibility class I antigens are transferred from the mother to the calf via colostrum, leading to profound depletion of peripheral blood and bone marrow cells that is often fatal. Areas covered: Pubmed and Web of Science were used to search for literature relevant to BNP and the use of allogeneic vaccine cell lines. Following a review of the pathology and pathogenesis of this novel condition, we discuss potential risks associated with the use of allogeneic vaccine cell lines. Expert commentary: Although BNP is associated with a specific vaccine, it highlights safety concerns common to all vaccines produced using allogeneic cell lines. Measures to prevent similar vaccine-induced alloimmune-mediated adverse events in the future are discussed

Rumen biogeographical regions and their impact on microbial and metabolome variation

The rumen microbiome is a complex microbial network critical to the health and nutrition of its host, due to their inherent ability to convert low-quality feedstuffs into energy. In rumen microbiome studies, samples from the ventral sac are most often collected because of the ease of access and repeatability. However, anatomical musculature demarcates the rumen into five sacs (biogeographical regions), which may support distinct microbial communities. The distinction among the microbes may generate functional variation among the rumen microbiome, thus, specialized tasks within different sacs. The objective of this study was to determine the rumen liquid metabolome and epimural, planktonic, and fiber-adherent bacterial communities among each rumen biogeographical region. It was hypothesized that differences in bacterial species and metabolome would occur due to differing anatomy and physiology associated with the respective regions. To assess this variation, epithelial and content microbial-associated communities were evaluated, as well as the metabolites among various rumen biogeographical regions. A total of 17 cannulated Angus cows were utilized to examine the fiber-adherent (solid fraction), planktonic (liquid fraction), and epimural microbial communities from the cranial, dorsal, caudodorsal blind, caudoventral blind, and ventral sacs. Metagenomic DNA was extracted and sequenced from the hypervariable V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Reads were processed using packages ‘phyloseq’ and ‘dada2’ in R. Untargeted metabolomics were conducted on rumen liquid from each sac using UHPLC-HRMS and analyzed in MetaboAnalyst 5.0. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed 13 significant differentially abundant metabolites with pairwise comparisons against the five rumen sacs (P < 0.05). Within the bacterial communities, neither alpha nor beta diversity determined significance against the rumen sacs (P > 0.05), although there was significance against the fraction types (P < 0.05). Utilizing multivariable association analysis with MaAslin2, there were significant differential abundances found in fraction type × location (P < 0.05). Knowledge of similarities among fiber-adherent microbial communities provides evidence that single sac sampling is sufficient for this fraction. However, future projects focusing on either planktonic or epimural fractions may need to consider multiple rumen sac sampling to obtain the most comprehensive analysis of the rumen. Defining these variabilities, especially among the rumen epimural microbiome, are critical to define host-microbiome interactions

Almost periodic functions on the rotation group.

The aim of this thesis is to exhibit the bounded representations of the rotation group, Ωn, by considering the almost periodic functions on Ωn. By Ωn is meant the rotation group in Rn, or more explicitly the group of all proper orthogonal n-matrices where n >= 3. The case n = 3 will be given specific consideration. The presentation can be divided roughly into three parts. The first part is a brief description of the theory of almost periodic functions on an arbitrary group, as first developed by von Neumann