Is cosmetic tail surgery in dogs ethical?

As tail docking bans are sweeping Europe, Australia, and South Africa, the United States is facing increased scrutiny on whether or not the procedure should be permitted. Many European countries are reestablishing breed standards to allow dogs of natural composition to be shown, unlike most major U.S. shows. The American Kennel Club is steadfast with its position on docking in certain breed standards, believing that it defines and preserves the character of the breed and can enhance good health (AKC, 2008). With countries around the world banning or regulating the procedure, it may be surprising that within the U.S., Maryland and Pennsylvania are currently the only states making progress with placing restrictions on docking specifically in dogs (AVMA, 2014)