Perspectives on Globalization Paradigm: The Struggle to Build a Better Society

The main purpose of this article is to ascertain the phenomena of the globalization as a paradigm shift from historical times to modern times. This paradigm shift can be traced through an analysis of the ideology of the globalization march. World society has shifted from medieval era to modern age through a transnational period in which appears a juncture called as the stage of Enlightenment. At this stage, these arose an ideology as to develop a ‘perfect man’ for the upliftment to a better human society. According to long discourse erupted as to find out such an exemplary person could be created either by the Marxist socialist way. Marxist ideology has pointed out that such a noble human might only be created by a socialist social system. Marxist perspective advocates that the highest stage of their social system would be realized in a universal communist society. However, the capitalist way of social system advocates that a perfect manhood could be improved within the capitalist system. Anyhow, the world society has now climbed up to the topmost point of that long discourse by 1990 decade. This is the commencement of modern stage of the globalization process. At this stage, it has been pointed out, that the ‘perfect man’ is none other than the ‘realistic man’ as has been developed by the modern globalization march

A Theoretical Foundation to Foster the University Education System in Sri Lanka: A Pragmatic Approach to Evacuate the Age-Old Gap

Despite the fact that one pivotal role of the university education system in Sri Lanka is to fabricate proficient graduates as per the expectations by both private and public sector organizations meeting their competent criteria, we experience a situation of large number of graduates bear with unemployment. The recruiting issue of unemployment, underemployment and a variety of precaution taken by different authorities to resolve this crisis indicates that the current university system has not been able to cater to the needs of the society to a greater extent. Thus, the study focuses to formulate a mechanism to minimize the above crisis by suggesting a framework to reform the curriculum design. The objective of this study is to propose a theoretical framework for the university education where the expected knowledge, skills, and attitudes can be acquired by constructively aligning of the curriculum; learning outcomes, teaching learning activities and assessment addressing to three domains of learning; cognitive, affective and psychomotor. In each domain, the curriculum is designed assigning lower levels of taxonomy in the preliminary years of the degree program and progressively directing to higher levels of the degree program. Also within each level, objectives of learning, teaching methods , learning and assessment methods are constructively aligned. In conclusion, adoption of this theoretical framework to design the curriculum will be a milestone in the university system in Sri Lanka to evacuate the age-old gap and meet the industrial demand successfully

Economic cost of managing patients with oral potentially malignant disorders in Sri Lanka

Objectives: Cancer of the oral cavity is the leading malignancy amongst males in Sri Lanka, and eighth amongst women. Almost all malignancies are developed from a clinically visible precursor stage called an oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMD). The objective of this study was to estimate costs of managing patients with OPMD in Sri Lanka for a 12-month period from diagnosis. Methods: A hospital-based costing study was conducted in Sri Lanka in the years 2016-2017. Three selected treatment centres participated. For societal perspectives, healthcare, household and indirect costs were used. Costs to the healthcare system included clinic visits, diagnostic biopsy, consumables and drug costs. Capital costs included apportioned value of land, buildings, equipment and furniture. Household costs consisted of out-of-pocket expenditure and indirect costs of lost income. Results: Sixty-two patients were recruited (39 male and 23 female). The majority had awareness of oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs). Total average cost of managing a single patient with an OPMD for 1 year was SLR 19 547 (US$140) which includes a health system cost of SLR 7320 (US$ 52) and household cost of SLR 12 227 (US$ 87). Travel loss and income loss were a substantial burden to patients and their families. Conclusions: Managing patients with an OPMD, even with annual monitoring, is less costly than managing patients with oral cancer. Out-of-pocket costs are very high, and these could be reduced by revising the National Management Guidelines to allow care closer to home.</p

Economic costs of alcohol use in Sri Lanka

<div><p>Aim</p><p>Alcohol related disease conditions are responsible for a significant proportion of morbidity and mortality in Sri Lanka. This study quantified the economic cost of selected alcohol related disease conditions in Sri Lanka in 2015.</p><p>Methods</p><p>This study uses the prevalence-based cost of illness methodology specified by the World Health Organization, and uses the gross costing approach. The direct costs includes the costs of curative care (inpatient and outpatient care borne by the state and out of pocket expenditure borne by patients) for alcohol related diseases, weighted by the respective population attributable fractions. Indirect costs consist of lost earnings due to absenteeism of the patient and carers due to seeking care and recuperation, and the loss of income due to mortality.</p><p>Data form the Ministry of Health, Registrar General’s Department, Department of Census and Statistics and the National Cancer Registry was used. Systemic and house costs and population attributable fractions were obtained from research studies. Economists, Public Health Experts, Medical Administrators and Clinical Specialists were iteratively consulted during the estimation and validation of the costs and the results.</p><p>Results</p><p>The estimated present value of current and future economic cost of the alcohol-related conditions for Sri Lanka in 2015 was USD 885.86 million, 1.07% of the GDP of that year. The direct cost of alcohol related disease conditions was USD 388.35 million, which was 44% of the total cost, while the indirect cost was USD 497.50 million, which was 66% of the total cost. Road Injury cost was the highest cost category among the conditions studied.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Addressing alcohol use and its harms through effective implementation of evidence-based polices and interventions is urgently required to address the economic costs of alcohol use in Sri Lanka as it imposes a significant burden to the country.</p></div

Direct, indirect and total economic costs of alcohol related cancers in Sri Lanka 2105 in USD million.

<p>Direct, indirect and total economic costs of alcohol related cancers in Sri Lanka 2105 in USD million.</p

Summary of costing analysis in UDS million.

<p>Summary of costing analysis in UDS million.</p

Attributable fractions used for morbidity due to alcohol.

<p>Attributable fractions used for morbidity due to alcohol.</p

Direct, indirect and total economic costs of alcohol related conditions other than cancers in Sri Lanka 2105 in USD million.

<p>Direct, indirect and total economic costs of alcohol related conditions other than cancers in Sri Lanka 2105 in USD million.</p